Ebonyrise

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Dyaspora is Lost

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Maternal Family Tree
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To Colin Kaepernick...

Who is Cornel Ronald West...

Cornel West is a distinguished American academic and prominent social activist. He's a philosopher, critic, author, and public intellectual renowned for his views on race, politics, and civil rights in the United States.

Cornel West was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma on June 2, 1953. His body of work covers a wide spectrum of topics, with a strong focus on the examination of race, class, and social justice. Profoundly influenced by Christianity, the civil rights movement, and critical theorists, his writings engaged with a wide range of issues, including democracy, truth, morality, culture, and more.

West has held professorships at several prestigious institutions including Princeton University of Paris, Yale University, Union Theological Seminary, and Harvard University.

He has written numerous influential and highly-read books, with one of the most notable being "Race Matters," a powerful examination of race in America. West is known for contributing his insights not only in the academic arena but also in popular media, becoming a celebrated public intellectual and a leading voice in American sociopolitical commentary.

Quick Fact...

During the slavery era in the U.S., the skin of some enslaved black people was used to make shoes

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Paternal Family Tree
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To Ice Cube...

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense...

The Black Panther Party, officially known as the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, was a revolutionary political organization founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California, USA. The party emerged during a period of intense civil rights activism and social upheaval in the United States, particularly in response to systemic racism, police brutality, and economic inequality faced by Black communities.

The Black Panther Party's primary goals were to advocate for the rights and empowerment of African Americans and to challenge the systemic oppression they faced. They sought to address issues such as police violence, poverty, and lack of access to education and healthcare through a combination of community organizing, self-defense, and political activism. Some key features of the Black Panther Party included:

Community Programs:

The Panthers established various community programs to provide services to their communities, such as free breakfast programs for children, health clinics, and educational initiatives. These programs aimed to address social and economic disparities faced by Black individuals and families.

Armed Self-Defense:

The Panthers were known for their belief in self-defense against police brutality and other forms of violence. They often patrolled their communities openly carrying firearms, which garnered significant attention and controversy.

Political Activism:

The party engaged in political activism by organizing protests, rallies, and demonstrations to raise awareness about racial injustice and inequality. They also collaborated with other activist groups to promote broader social change.

Ten-Point Program:

The Panthers outlined their goals and demands in a document called the Ten-Point Program. This program included demands for better housing, education, employment opportunities, and an end to police brutality, among other issues.

Conflict with Law Enforcement:

The Panthers' confrontational stance towards law enforcement and their open carrying of firearms led to numerous clashes with police and legal troubles for some members.

Government Surveillance and Suppression:

The FBI, under the leadership of J. Edgar Hoover, initiated a covert counterintelligence program called COINTELPRO to monitor and undermine the Black Panther Party and other civil rights organizations. This program aimed to disrupt their activities through various tactics, including infiltration, misinformation, and fostering internal conflicts.

The Black Panther Party's influence and activity waned in the late 1970s due to a combination of internal disputes, government repression, and changing social dynamics. Despite its relatively short lifespan, the party had a lasting impact on American society and activism. It is remembered for its efforts to combat racial injustice, promote self-determination within Black communities, and challenge systemic inequality.

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Dear Ebony...

Huey P. Newton...

Huey Percy Newton was a prominent activist and co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Here's a detailed overview of his life and contributions:

Early Life and Education:

Huey P. Newton was born on February 17, 1942, in Monroe, Louisiana, but he grew up in Oakland, California. He faced economic hardships and experienced racial discrimination during his upbringing. Despite these challenges, he excelled academically and graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959.

Newton attended Merritt College and later transferred to the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he majored in philosophy. During his college years, he became increasingly aware of systemic racism and social injustice, which fueled his desire to make a difference.

Founding of the Black Panther Party:

On October 15, 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in response to the rampant police brutality and racial oppression faced by Black communities in Oakland. The party's original mission was to monitor police behavior and protect African American neighborhoods from violence.

The Panthers adopted a ten-point program that outlined their demands for economic and social equality. They also emphasized self-defense and armed resistance as a means of protecting their communities from police aggression. The party's iconic image of members carrying firearms became a symbol of empowerment and resistance.

Legal Troubles and Activism:

Newton's involvement in the Panthers and his advocacy for Black rights often brought him into conflict with the law. In 1967, he was involved in a shootout with Oakland police officers, resulting in the death of one officer and injuries to Newton and another officer. This incident led to his arrest and a highly publicized trial.

The trial brought attention to the issue of police brutality and racial bias within the justice system. Newton's defense argued that he had acted in self-defense due to police harassment. He was eventually convicted of voluntary manslaughter in 1968 but later had his conviction overturned due to procedural errors in his trial.

Political and Personal Struggles:

Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, Newton continued to be a leading figure in the Black Panther Party. However, internal conflicts, government surveillance, and legal challenges took a toll on the party's effectiveness. Newton struggled with personal issues, including substance abuse and conflicts with other party leaders.

Despite these challenges, Newton remained committed to addressing systemic racism and inequality. He focused on community-based programs, including free breakfast programs for children and health clinics, which aimed to provide essential services to underserved communities.

Later Years and Legacy:

Huey Newton's influence waned in the 1970s as the Black Panther Party declined. He spent time in and out of prison due to various legal issues. In the 1980s and 1990s, Newton pursued higher education, earning a Ph.D. in social philosophy from the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1980.

Tragically, on August 22, 1989, Huey Newton was shot and killed in Oakland, California, at the age of 47. His death marked the end of an era in Black activism and left a lasting legacy in the struggle for racial equality, police accountability, and social justice.

Huey P. Newton's contributions and his co-founding of the Black Panther Party continue to be remembered and studied as a significant chapter in the history of the civil rights and Black liberation movements.

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To the Descendants of Huey P. Newton...

Bobby Seale...

Bobby Seale is a prominent activist and co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Here's a detailed overview of his life and contributions:

Early Life and Education:

Bobby Seale was born on October 22, 1936, in Dallas, Texas. He grew up in a working-class family and faced racial discrimination and segregation from a young age. He moved to Oakland, California, in the early 1960s, seeking better opportunities and to escape the racism prevalent in the South.

Seale attended Merritt College in Oakland, where he studied engineering and political science. During this time, he became involved in activism and began engaging in civil rights and anti-racism activities.

Founding of the Black Panther Party:

On October 15, 1966, Bobby Seale co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense along with Huey P. Newton. The party emerged as a response to the rampant police brutality and systemic oppression faced by Black communities in Oakland and beyond.

The Panthers aimed to protect their communities from police violence and to address the socio-economic inequality faced by African Americans. They advocated for self-defense, armed resistance, and community empowerment. Seale played a crucial role in shaping the party's ideology, goals, and tactics.

Activism and Leadership:

Bobby Seale's leadership within the Black Panther Party was marked by his dedication to the Ten-Point Program, a set of demands for economic and social equality that the party promoted. He was also known for his charismatic public speaking and ability to articulate the party's message and goals.

Seale's involvement in the Panthers extended beyond his leadership role. He participated in various community programs launched by the party, such as the Free Breakfast for Children Program, which provided nutritious meals to underserved children. These programs aimed to address pressing social issues and improve the lives of Black individuals and families.

Legal Challenges and Later Years:

Like other prominent figures in the Black Panther Party, Bobby Seale faced legal challenges and government surveillance. He was arrested multiple times and was infamously involved in the "Chicago Eight" trial, which followed protests and disturbances during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The trial was marked by clashes between Seale and the judge, leading to his eventual separation from the case.

Seale continued his activism after the decline of the Black Panther Party in the early 1970s. He remained committed to advocating for social justice, civil rights, and equality. He also ran for political office on several occasions.

Legacy:

Bobby Seale's contributions to the civil rights and Black liberation movements are substantial. His co-founding of the Black Panther Party, his advocacy for Black empowerment, and his efforts to address systemic inequality have left a lasting impact on American history.

Seale's commitment to community-based initiatives, such as free breakfast programs and health clinics, showcased his dedication to improving the lives of marginalized communities. His leadership and passion for justice continue to inspire activists and advocates fighting against racial injustice and inequality.

In his later years, Bobby Seale has written books, given speeches, and remained engaged in social and political discussions. His legacy serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for civil rights and the importance of standing up against oppression.

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To KRS-ONE

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To the Descendants of Malcolm X...

Eldridge Cleaver...

Eldridge Cleaver was a prominent figure in the Black liberation movement and a key member of the Black Panther Party. His life and contributions were marked by activism, political involvement, and a complex journey of personal growth and transformation. Here's a detailed overview of his history:

Early Life and Involvement in Activism:

Eldridge Cleaver was born on August 31, 1935, in Wabbaseka, Arkansas. He grew up in a racially segregated environment and faced racism from an early age. In 1957, Cleaver was convicted of drug possession and was subsequently incarcerated.

During his time in prison, Cleaver immersed himself in reading and political study. He was influenced by writings such as Karl Marx's "Das Kapital" and Malcolm X's autobiography. He began to develop a radical understanding of race, class, and revolution, which would later shape his activism.

Involvement with the Black Panther Party:

Cleaver's writings on revolutionary ideas caught the attention of Bobby Seale, and in 1967, Cleaver joined the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. His eloquent and provocative essays, particularly his book "Soul on Ice," brought him recognition as a powerful intellectual within the Black liberation movement.

Cleaver's role in the Black Panther Party was multifaceted. He served as the party's Minister of Information, responsible for communicating the party's messages and ideologies to the public. His charismatic presence and articulate speeches made him a prominent spokesperson for the party's goals.

Conflict and Controversy:

Cleaver's association with the Black Panther Party was not without controversy. He was involved in several violent incidents, including confrontations with police officers. In 1968, he faced a serious legal charge related to an armed confrontation with Oakland police officers. He eventually fled to Cuba and later Algeria to avoid prosecution.

During his time abroad, Cleaver continued to be involved in revolutionary activities and maintained contact with the Black Panther Party. He also experienced ideological shifts, moving away from some of the more extreme views he had held earlier in his life.

Transformation and Later Years:

Cleaver's years in exile prompted introspection and a reevaluation of his beliefs. He distanced himself from some of his earlier militant stances and advocated for peaceful solutions to racial and global conflicts. He also expressed remorse for some of his past actions and rhetoric.

Cleaver returned to the United States in 1975 after striking a deal with U.S. authorities. He faced legal issues upon his return but continued to be engaged in social and political discussions. He wrote books, delivered lectures, and engaged in dialogues about race, politics, and spirituality.

Eldridge Cleaver passed away on May 1, 1998, in Pomona, California. His life story reflects the complexity of political and personal transformation. While he had a tumultuous journey marked by controversy, conflict, and evolution, his contributions to the Black liberation movement and his reflections on the dynamics of race and revolution continue to be studied and debated.

Cleaver's story is a reminder of the power of personal growth, introspection, and the potential for change, even in the face of deeply entrenched beliefs and historical context.

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To the Descendants of Biblical Jacob...

Did you know...

Enslaved Black people were often punished for learning to read due to several interconnected reasons that were rooted in the power dynamics of slavery. These reasons included:

Maintaining Control and Suppression:

Slave owners and those in power recognized that education and literacy could empower enslaved individuals by enabling them to communicate, share information, and potentially organize against their oppressors. By keeping enslaved people illiterate, slave owners sought to maintain control over their lives and prevent them from developing a sense of autonomy.

Fear of Uprisings:

Slaveholders were deeply concerned about potential slave uprisings or rebellions. Educated enslaved individuals would be more capable of planning and coordinating actions, making the ruling class fearful of any form of organized resistance. The ability to read and communicate effectively was seen as a potential threat to the stability of the institution of slavery.

Subverting the System of Chattel Slavery:

Slavery was justified by dehumanizing enslaved people and treating them as property or chattel. Educating them was a direct challenge to this dehumanization. Education could lead to enslaved individuals recognizing their own humanity, questioning the system of slavery, and seeking freedom and equality.

Preserving White Supremacy:

The belief in white supremacy was deeply ingrained in the social and cultural fabric of the time. Allowing Black individuals to become educated and potentially challenge the narrative of racial inferiority could undermine the foundations of this ideology.

Cultural and Economic Control:

By keeping enslaved individuals illiterate, slave owners maintained control over the dissemination of information and cultural knowledge. They could control the narratives and stories that enslaved people were exposed to, thus reinforcing their status as subservient and inferior.

Economic Interests:

Enslaved individuals were often forced into labor-intensive and physically demanding roles. Slave owners saw little value in educating them since it might lead to aspirations for different, more skilled, or less labor-intensive opportunities.

Legal Restrictions:

In many Southern states, laws known as "slave codes" were enacted to restrict the rights and movements of enslaved people. These codes often included clauses that prohibited or severely restricted the education of enslaved individuals.

Because of these intertwined reasons, learning to read was a dangerous act for enslaved Black people. Many slave owners enforced strict punishments, such as whipping, physical torture, and even death, to deter enslaved individuals from seeking education. Despite these risks, many enslaved individuals still managed to learn to read in secret, often with the help of sympathetic whites or free Blacks. Their pursuit of education was a testament to their resilience and the inherent human desire for knowledge and self-improvement, even in the face of immense adversity.

Quick Fact...

Many enslaved black women were forced to breast feed their slave owner children

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"Resilience in Harmony: Mary J. Blige..."

Fred Hampton...

Fred Hampton was a charismatic and influential leader in the Black Panther Party who played a significant role in advocating for civil rights, social justice, and community empowerment. His life was tragically cut short, but his impact on the Black liberation movement continues to resonate. Here's a detailed history of Fred Hampton:

Early Life and Activism:

Fred Hampton was born on August 30, 1948, in Summit, Illinois. He grew up in a working-class family and experienced racial discrimination and inequality from a young age. As a student, he became involved in civil rights and anti-discrimination activities, participating in protests and advocating for change.

Hampton's activism intensified during his time at Proviso East High School and Triton Junior College. He was drawn to the Black Panther Party's message of empowerment, community support, and resistance against systemic racism.

Rise within the Black Panther Party:

Fred Hampton joined the Black Panther Party and quickly rose through the ranks due to his exceptional leadership skills, passionate speeches, and organizational abilities. He became the chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party and later the deputy chairman of the national BPP.

Under Hampton's leadership, the Chicago Black Panther Party chapter implemented numerous community programs to address issues faced by Black residents, including the Free Breakfast for Children Program, health clinics, and educational initiatives. Hampton's emphasis on unity and coalition-building attracted a diverse group of supporters and allies.

Rainbow Coalition and Activism:

One of Hampton's significant achievements was his role in forming the Rainbow Coalition, a multi-ethnic alliance of Black, Puerto Rican, and white activists and organizations. The coalition aimed to address shared struggles and confront systemic racism, poverty, and police brutality collectively.

Hampton's leadership in the Rainbow Coalition underscored his ability to bridge gaps between different communities and unite them under a common cause. His emphasis on solidarity and collaboration was a testament to his commitment to creating meaningful change.

Government Surveillance and Tragic Death:

Fred Hampton's growing influence and effectiveness as a leader drew the attention of law enforcement and government agencies. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) under the COINTELPRO program engaged in surveillance, infiltration, and efforts to disrupt the Black Panther Party's activities.

Tragically, on December 4, 1969, Fred Hampton was killed in a predawn raid orchestrated by the Chicago Police Department in collaboration with the FBI. Hampton and fellow Black Panther Mark Clark were shot and killed in their apartment. The circumstances surrounding the raid raised significant concerns about police brutality, government overreach, and the suppression of civil rights activists.

Legacy and Impact:

Fred Hampton's legacy endures as a symbol of grassroots activism, coalition-building, and the fight against racial injustice. His ability to unite diverse groups for a common cause, his emphasis on community programs, and his commitment to empowering marginalized communities continue to inspire activists and advocates.

Hampton's tragic death drew national attention to the issue of police brutality and government surveillance targeting civil rights activists. His memory remains a reminder of the challenges faced by those who stand up against oppression and the ongoing struggle for equality and justice.

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To President Biden...

Angela Davis...

Angela Yvonne Davis is a prominent activist, scholar, and author who has been a central figure in the civil rights, feminist, and anti-racist movements. Her life story is marked by her tireless advocacy for social justice, prison reform, and equality. Here's a detailed history of Angela Davis:

Early Life and Education:

Angela Davis was born on January 26, 1944, in Birmingham, Alabama. Growing up in a racially segregated environment, she witnessed the impacts of systemic racism and became aware of social injustice at a young age. Her family was closely involved in the civil rights movement, and Davis developed a deep sense of activism and commitment to change.

Davis pursued higher education and attended Brandeis University, where she studied French and philosophy. She later pursued graduate studies at the University of Frankfurt in Germany and completed her doctorate in philosophy from the University of California, San Diego.

Activism and Involvement:

Davis became increasingly active in various social justice causes, including the Black liberation movement, feminism, and prison reform. She joined the Communist Party USA and was closely aligned with the civil rights and Black Panther movements.

In 1970, Davis gained national attention when she was charged with murder, kidnapping, and conspiracy related to an incident involving the death of a judge and three inmates during an escape attempt by a prisoner. The trial attracted global interest and became a rallying point for activists advocating for her release.

Political Imprisonment and Acquittal:

Angela Davis spent over a year in jail before being acquitted of all charges in 1972. Her trial highlighted issues of racism within the criminal justice system and drew attention to the broader struggles for civil rights and prison reform. The "Free Angela Davis" movement, which emerged during her imprisonment, garnered international support and solidified her as a symbol of resistance.

Academic Career and Activism:

After her release, Davis continued to engage in activism and academia. She taught at various universities, including the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Rutgers University. She wrote extensively on topics such as racism, feminism, prison abolition, and Marxism.

Her influential book "Women, Race & Class" (1981) explored the intersectionality of gender, race, and class in the women's liberation movement. Davis's work has contributed significantly to feminist theory and the understanding of social inequalities.

Prison Abolition and Continued Advocacy:

Davis is a leading advocate for prison abolition and the reform of the criminal justice system. She believes in addressing the root causes of crime and the systemic factors that contribute to mass incarceration. Her efforts have focused on dismantling the prison-industrial complex and addressing issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and unfair sentencing.

Legacy and Impact:

Angela Davis's contributions to civil rights, feminism, and social justice have had a profound impact on American society and global activism. Her commitment to intersectional analysis and her advocacy for marginalized communities have paved the way for discussions on racial and gender equity.

Davis's work continues to inspire generations of activists, scholars, and advocates striving for equality and justice. Her life story serves as a testament to the power of resistance and the ongoing struggle for a more just and inclusive society.

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"White Jesus...?"

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The Casual Killing of Enslaved Black People

Kathleen Cleaver...

Kathleen Neal Cleaver is an activist, lawyer, and prominent figure in the civil rights and Black liberation movements. Her contributions to social justice, advocacy for racial equality, and dedication to activism have left a lasting impact. Here's a detailed history of Kathleen Cleaver:

Early Life and Education:

Kathleen Neal was born on May 13, 1945, in Memphis, Tennessee. She grew up in a middle-class family and witnessed racial segregation and discrimination firsthand. Her parents were involved in civil rights activities, which influenced her understanding of social justice from an early age.

Cleaver attended Oberlin College in Ohio, where she became engaged in the civil rights movement and student activism. Her involvement in these movements set the stage for her later work as an activist and advocate.

Involvement in the Black Panther Party:

In the mid-1960s, Kathleen Cleaver joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and later became involved in the Black Panther Party. She married Eldridge Cleaver, a leading figure in the Black Panther Party, and her role within the party expanded over time.

Cleaver's eloquent speaking skills and commitment to the movement made her a prominent spokesperson for the Black Panther Party. She worked as the communications secretary and press officer, using her talents to communicate the party's messages and goals to the public.

Exile and Return:

In 1968, due to escalating legal issues and government pressure on the Black Panther Party, Kathleen and Eldridge Cleaver went into exile, initially traveling to Algeria. While in exile, Kathleen gave birth to their son. During this period, she continued to be involved in revolutionary activities and contributed to the party's communication efforts from abroad.

In the mid-1970s, Cleaver returned to the United States with her family. Over the years, she pursued higher education, obtaining a law degree from Yale University in 1981.

Legal and Academic Career:

Kathleen Cleaver's legal career focused on civil rights and constitutional law. She worked on cases involving prisoners' rights, discrimination, and racial justice. Her academic pursuits included teaching at Emory University School of Law, where she shared her expertise on civil rights and law.

Continued Advocacy and Legacy:

Cleaver's advocacy for racial justice and social change continued throughout her life. She has spoken out against racial inequality, police brutality, and the challenges faced by marginalized communities. Her experiences and insights as a former Black Panther Party member and civil rights activist have contributed to ongoing discussions about activism, social justice, and empowerment.

Kathleen Cleaver's story highlights the intersection of personal experience and broader movements for change. Her dedication to civil rights, her role as a communicator within the Black Panther Party, and her subsequent legal and academic work have made her a respected voice in the ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice. Her legacy serves as an inspiration for those committed to creating a more just and equitable society.

Hubert Brown...

H. Rap Brown, later known as Jamil Al-Amin, is a significant figure in the civil rights and Black liberation movements in the United States. His activism, leadership, and subsequent legal challenges have marked his journey as one of dedication and controversy. Here's a detailed history of H. Rap Brown (Jamil Al-Amin):

Early Life and Activism:

Hubert Gerold Brown was born on October 4, 1943, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Growing up in a racially segregated South, he witnessed the harsh realities of racial discrimination and inequality. Brown became involved in the civil rights movement at a young age, participating in protests and advocacy for desegregation.

Brown's outspokenness and commitment to justice led him to join the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the early 1960s. His activism quickly propelled him into leadership positions within the organization.

Leadership in the Civil Rights Movement:

Brown's charismatic speaking style and unapologetic stance against racism caught the attention of both supporters and critics. He became one of the most prominent voices in the civil rights movement, advocating for Black empowerment, racial justice, and an end to systemic oppression.

As the national chairman of SNCC, Brown continued the organization's tradition of nonviolent protest while also embracing more confrontational tactics. He criticized the limitations of nonviolence in the face of continued violence and oppression against Black communities.

Transition to the Black Panther Party:

Amidst a growing ideological shift within the civil rights movement, Brown transitioned from SNCC to the Black Panther Party. He changed his name to H. Rap Brown as a symbol of his commitment to revolutionary change. He continued his vocal advocacy for self-defense and armed resistance against police brutality and racism.

As Minister of Justice of the Black Panther Party, Brown played a role in shaping the organization's philosophy and actions during a tumultuous period of racial tension and protest.

Legal Challenges and Imprisonment:

In 1970, H. Rap Brown was accused of inciting a riot during a speech in Cambridge, Maryland. His legal battles and legal troubles continued, including his connection to a shootout with police officers in New York City. Brown went into hiding for several months, eventually being captured and facing charges related to the shootout.

In 1971, he was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for the shootout incident. He spent time in various prisons before being released on parole in 1976.

Conversion to Islam and Transition to Jamil Al-Amin:

While in prison, H. Rap Brown converted to Islam and later changed his name to Jamil Al-Amin. Upon his release, he relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, and became a community leader and activist. He established the Community Mosque of Atlanta and focused on building community programs that provided social services and supported underserved neighborhoods.

Controversial Legal Case and Imprisonment:

In 2000, Jamil Al-Amin faced renewed legal challenges when he was accused of killing a sheriff's deputy and wounding another during a shootout in Atlanta. In 2002, he was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

Al-Amin's case remains a subject of controversy, with some claiming that he was unjustly convicted while others maintain his guilt. His imprisonment has sparked debates about his legacy as an activist and his transformation into a religious and community leader.

Legacy and Impact:

H. Rap Brown's transformation into Jamil Al-Amin reflects the complexities of his journey from civil rights activist to religious leader and community builder. His history of advocacy, his embrace of more militant tactics, and his later religious conversion contribute to discussions about the evolving nature of social justice movements.

His legacy remains significant in the ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice in the United States, serving as a reminder of the challenges faced by those who seek systemic change.

Did you know...

Enslaved Black people were forced to enter facilities through the back doors for a variety of interconnected reasons, primarily stemming from the deeply entrenched racial hierarchy, segregation, and discrimination that characterized the era of slavery and its aftermath. Here are some of the key reasons:

Racial Segregation and Dehumanization:

The practice of forcing enslaved Black individuals to use separate entrances, often located at the back of buildings, was a manifestation of racial segregation and the dehumanizing attitudes of the time. This practice reinforced the idea that Black people were inferior and needed to be kept separate from white people.

Symbolic Significance:

The use of separate entrances was symbolic of the power dynamics and racial hierarchy that existed. It visually reinforced the notion that white people were superior and deserved the front entrances, while Black people were relegated to the back as a sign of their subservience.

Social Control:

By physically segregating Black individuals and forcing them to use separate entrances, white authorities and slaveholders exercised control over their movements and interactions. This segregation served to limit opportunities for communication and social interaction, thus preventing potential organizing or challenges to the existing power structure.

Maintaining Boundaries:

Enslaved individuals were seen as property and were denied basic human rights. Separating them from white individuals in public spaces was a way to reinforce the boundaries between the races and preserve the status quo of white dominance.

Reinforcing Stereotypes:

The practice of separate entrances further propagated stereotypes about Black people, portraying them as dirty, inferior, and dangerous. By relegating them to less visible entrances, these stereotypes were reinforced and normalized.

Preventing Social Upheaval:

Slave owners and those in power were concerned about the potential for social upheaval and insurrection. Separating Black and white individuals in public spaces was a way to reduce the likelihood of interactions that might lead to dissent or organized resistance.

Psychological Impact:

The practice of using separate entrances was psychologically damaging to enslaved individuals, as it constantly reminded them of their marginalized status and lack of agency. It reinforced a sense of powerlessness and contributed to the systemic dehumanization of Black people.

Enforcing Economic Inequality:

Segregated entrances were a reflection of broader economic inequalities. Enslaved individuals were often engaged in labor-intensive and menial work, and the use of separate entrances reinforced their subservient roles within society.

After slavery, these practices persisted during the era of segregation and Jim Crow laws, which institutionalized racial discrimination in many parts of the United States. It wasn't until the Civil Rights Movement of the mid-20th century that significant progress was made in dismantling these practices and challenging the systemic racism they represented. The forced use of back entrances serves as a stark reminder of the deeply entrenched racism and inequality that Black individuals have faced throughout history.

Quick Fact...

Enslaved children were often forced to work in the cotton fields at a very young age. While precise ages can vary, it was not uncommon for children as young as 5 or 6 years old to be put to work in the cotton fields. The harsh conditions and labor demands were imposed on these vulnerable children, leading to an incredibly difficult and unjust reality for them during slavery.

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If Reparations are Denied, I Won't Vote...

Elaine Brown...

Elaine Brown is a civil rights activist, author, and former leader of the Black Panther Party. Her involvement in the Black liberation movement, her advocacy for social justice, and her contributions to various causes have made her a notable figure in American history. Here's a detailed history of Elaine Brown:

Early Life and Involvement in Activism:

Elaine Brown was born on March 2, 1943, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She grew up in a working-class family and witnessed the effects of systemic racism in her community. Her early experiences with discrimination and inequality fueled her commitment to civil rights and social justice.

During her college years, Brown became involved in activism and joined the civil rights movement. She participated in protests, demonstrations, and other activities aimed at challenging racial segregation and promoting equality.

Leadership in the Black Panther Party:

Elaine Brown joined the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in the late 1960s. She quickly rose through the ranks due to her intelligence, leadership skills, and dedication to the party's goals. In 1974, she became the first and only woman to lead the party as its Chairwoman.

Brown's leadership marked a significant step toward addressing gender equality within the Black Panther Party. Under her leadership, the party expanded its community-based programs, focusing on issues such as education, health care, and housing for marginalized communities.

Community Programs and Political Activism:

As Chairwoman, Elaine Brown emphasized community programs that aimed to address the needs of underserved neighborhoods. The Black Panther Party under her leadership continued to provide free breakfast programs for children, free health clinics, and other initiatives aimed at uplifting the Black community.

Brown also engaged in political activism, advocating for prison reform, workers' rights, and racial justice. Her work extended beyond the Black Panther Party as she continued to contribute to various social justice causes.

Literary Contributions:

Elaine Brown is also known for her literary contributions. She published an autobiography titled "A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story" in 1992. The book provides a firsthand account of her experiences as a leader within the Black Panther Party and her reflections on the challenges faced by women in the movement.

Continued Advocacy and Legacy:

After her involvement with the Black Panther Party, Elaine Brown remained committed to activism and social justice. She continued to advocate for prisoners' rights, education, and community development. She ran for political office on multiple occasions, including a bid for the presidency in 2008.

Brown's legacy is multifaceted, encompassing her leadership within the Black Panther Party, her advocacy for gender equality within the movement, and her ongoing dedication to creating positive change. Her contributions serve as a reminder of the importance of grassroots activism and community-based efforts in the pursuit of racial and social justice.

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To the Descendants of the First Human Beings

Geronimo Pratt...

Geronimo Pratt, also known as Geronimo Ji-Jaga, was a prominent figure in the Black Panther Party and an activist known for his dedication to civil rights, social justice, and the empowerment of Black communities. His life story is marked by his involvement in the civil rights movement, his controversial legal case, and his advocacy for justice reform. Here's a detailed history of Geronimo Pratt:

Early Life and Activism:

Elmer Geronimo Pratt was born on September 13, 1947, in Morgan City, Louisiana. He grew up in a segregated South and witnessed the effects of systemic racism and inequality. As a young man, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and served two tours of duty in Vietnam, earning several commendations for his service.

After returning to the United States, Pratt became involved in civil rights activism and joined the Black Panther Party. He was known for his dedication to the party's principles, which emphasized community empowerment, self-defense, and addressing social inequality.

Leadership and Legal Challenges:

Geronimo Pratt quickly rose through the ranks of the Black Panther Party due to his leadership abilities and commitment to the cause. He became the Deputy Minister of Defense for the Los Angeles chapter of the party.

In 1972, Pratt's life took a dramatic turn when he was arrested and charged with the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen, a schoolteacher. Pratt maintained his innocence and argued that the charges were politically motivated due to his affiliation with the Black Panther Party.

Legal Case and Imprisonment:

Geronimo Pratt's trial was marred by allegations of misconduct, including the withholding of exculpatory evidence by the prosecution. Despite maintaining his innocence and having an alibi, Pratt was convicted and sentenced to life in prison in 1972.

Pratt's case gained national and international attention as various individuals and organizations, including civil rights leaders, activists, and legal experts, protested his conviction. The FBI's COINTELPRO program, which aimed to disrupt and neutralize civil rights and Black liberation organizations, was believed to have played a role in targeting Pratt.

Release and Later Years:

Geronimo Pratt spent over 27 years in prison, maintaining his innocence throughout his incarceration. In 1997, his conviction was overturned after evidence emerged showing that the prosecution had suppressed crucial information that could have exonerated him.

After his release, Pratt continued to advocate for justice reform and civil rights. He focused on addressing issues related to wrongful convictions and the abuses of the criminal justice system. He also worked with organizations dedicated to social justice and human rights.

Geronimo Pratt passed away on June 2, 2011, in Tanzania, where he had been living for several years. His life story highlights the challenges faced by activists during a tumultuous period in American history and underscores the importance of addressing systemic injustices within the legal system. His case remains a stark reminder of the lengths to which government agencies can go to suppress dissent and undermine social justice movements.

Bobby Rush...

Bobby Lee Rush is a prominent American politician and civil rights activist who has been engaged in social justice causes for decades. His life story is characterized by his dedication to civil rights, his advocacy for racial equality, and his career in politics. Here's a detailed history of Bobby Rush:

Early Life and Activism:

Bobby Lee Rush was born on November 23, 1946, in Albany, Georgia. He grew up in a racially segregated South and experienced the impact of racial discrimination from an early age. His family later moved to Chicago, Illinois, where Rush became increasingly aware of systemic racism and inequality.

As a young man, Rush became involved in civil rights activism. He joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and participated in protests, marches, and other activities aimed at challenging racial segregation and promoting equality.

Black Panther Party Involvement:

Bobby Rush also became a member of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. He embraced the party's principles of community empowerment, self-defense, and addressing social inequality. Rush was involved in various party activities and initiatives, including the party's free breakfast programs for children.

His involvement with the Black Panther Party laid the foundation for his lifelong commitment to social justice and advocacy.

Transition to Politics:

After the decline of the Black Panther Party, Bobby Rush transitioned to a career in politics. He initially ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1988 but was unsuccessful. In 1992, he successfully won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 1st congressional district.

Throughout his political career, Rush has been an advocate for issues such as affordable housing, health care access, education reform, and criminal justice reform. He has also been a strong voice against racial profiling, police brutality, and systemic racism.

Legacy and Impact:

Bobby Rush's legacy is marked by his dedication to both civil rights activism and political advocacy. His ability to bridge his experiences as a civil rights activist with his work as a legislator has made him a respected figure in the fight for racial equality and social justice.

Rush's commitment to addressing systemic injustices and promoting change has left a lasting impact on American society. His story serves as a reminder that activism and political engagement can work in tandem to effect positive change and advance the cause of civil rights.

Bobby Rush continues to serve as a U.S. Representative and remains active in advocating for his constituents and marginalized communities across the United States.

Did you know...

According to the data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States, heart disease and cancer are the top two causes of death in African American community. Here is a list of some ways to prevent heart disease and cancer:

Healthy Diet - Follow a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Limit intake of foods high in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol.
Regular Exercise - Engage in moderate to intense exercise for at least 150 minutes per week or vigorous aerobic activity for 75 minutes per week.
Maintain a Healthy Weight - Being overweight or obese increases your risk of heart disease and cancer. Aim to maintain a healthy weight for your height and body type.
Regular Check-ups - Regular medical check-ups can detect potential health issues early. Screening tests can catch diseases like cancer at an early stage when they're easier to treat.
Don't Smoke - Smoking increases the risk of many diseases, including heart disease and several types of cancer. If you're a smoker, quitting can significantly reduce these risks.
Limit Alcohol - If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation. For women, that means up to one drink a day, and for men, up to two drinks a day.
Manage Stress - High-stress levels can contribute to heart disease and other health problems. Find healthy ways to cope with stress, like exercise, meditation, and hobbies.
Control Blood Pressure - High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in sodium can help manage blood pressure.
Control Cholesterol and Blood Sugar - Regular screenings can help keep cholesterol and blood sugar levels under control, both of which contribute to cardiovascular health.

Remember, healthcare professionals are the best source of advice for individual health concerns. Always consult with them for personalized advice. It's also important to be aware of any familiar health history, as genetics can play a significant role in individual health risks.

Quick Fact...

The usual diet for most slaves was cornbread and pork

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Thriving Societies in Africa before the Atlantic Slave Trade...

Before the Atlantic slave trade, Africa was home to several sophisticated and thriving societies, kingdoms, and empires:

The Mali Empire (c. 1235 - c. 1600) known for its wealth, the Mali Empire was a significant center of culture, trade, and education. The University of Timbuktu, situated within the Mali Empire, was a renowned global center for knowledge.
The Songhai Empire (c. 1464 - 1591) This West African Kingdom was one of the largest in African history, known for its administrative sophistication, military prowess, and wealth from trade.
The Great Zimbabwe (c. 1200-1450) This was a significant East African state known for its impressive stone architecture, which suggests a high degree of economic and social organization.
The Kingdom of Ghana (c. 700 - 1240) Often dubbed the 'land of gold,' the Kingdom of Ghana was rich and powerful due to its control over significant trans-Saharan trade routes.
The Aksum Empire (c. 100 -940 AD) Located in present-day Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia, the Aksum Empire was known for its influential role in the spread of Christianity.
The Nubian Kingdoms (c. 2000 B.C - 1500 A.D) Comprising of the kingdoms of Kerma, Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, Nubian culture left lasting marks on the fields of art, religion, and architecture.
The Swahili City-States (c. 800 - 1500 A.D) Situated along the East African coast, these trading posts grew rich through maritime trade and exhibited a unique blend of African, Arabian, and Indian cultural influences.
The Benin Kingdom (c. 1180 - 1897 A.D) Located in what is now Southern Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin was well-known for its art, especially its intricate bronze sculptures.

These empires and kingdoms thrived with various developments in administration, economy, trade, culture, and education. It's important to remember that Africa has a rich history that predates the Atlantic slave trade and European colonization.

Mali Empire...

The Mali Empire was an influential West African state that prospered from the mid-13th to late 15th century. Born from the ruins of the Ghana Empire, it originated from a small Mandinka Kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River:

Size and Reach - At its zenith, the empire spread across an expanse equal to western Europe and encompassed parts of modern-day Mali, Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea, even having hazy reaches into parts of Mauritania and Nigeria.
Commerce and Wealth - The empire was situated strategically between West Africa's gold mines and the agriculturally rich Niger River floodplain. Mali acted as a hub for trans-Saharan trade, which involved the exchange of gold and salt in particular, allowing it to great wealth. The empire also traded in precious goods such as ivory and slaves.
Governance - The empire's governance was intricate, with a clear division and delegation of political and military duties. The emperor, known as the Mansa, wielded absolute power, and beneath him were a host of appointed governors and administrators who ran various aspects of the empire's broad territory.
Famous Leaders - Sundiata Keita, the empire's founder, is remembered in legends and epics as a great hero. Mansa Musa, perhaps the empire's most renowned leader, is still considered one of the wealthiest individuals in history. His pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 - 1325, where he spent enormous amounts of gold, is legendary and introduced Mali to the wider world.
Cultural Influence - Mali was a cultural and academic heartland, contributing significantly to global knowledge, particularly during Mansa Musa's leadership. The city of Timbuktu, the jewel of the empire, was known for its high level of education, with institutions like the Sankore University attracting scholars from across the Islamic world.
Religion - The Islam faith was the dominant religion, although there was a blend of the central Islamic faith with traditional African rites and customs. This syncretism helped foster more unity within the empire.

The Mali Empire remains a symbol of African pride, showcasing woefully underrated early African achievement in governance, scholarship, and commerce.

Ebony...

"Like the Mali Empire of old, remember that true wealth lies not just in material possessions, but in the richness of culture, the strenght of unity, and the power of knowledge."

The Songhai Empire...

The Songhai Empire was a historical African state that existed from the 15th to 16th century, and it was known to be one of the largest Islamic empires in history. The empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to what is now central Niger, making it an empire of significant geographical breadth in Africa.

The political structure of the Songhai Empire was highly developed. This empire was headed by an emperor known as the 'Askiya.' Under the emperor, there were governors who ruled different provinces of the empire.

Sunni Ali Ber, who reigned from 1464 to 1493, and Askia Muhammad, who ruled from 1493 to 1528, were two of the most prominent leaders of the Songhai Empire. Under Sunni Ali Ber, the empire expanded territorially, while under Askia Muhammad, the empire experienced a cultural and intellectual renaissance.

The Songhai Empire was particularly important for its contribution to education and culture, especially in the context of Islamic learning, The city of Timbuktu, a part of the empire, was an intellectual and cultural hub where scholars from various parts of the world came to study. The empire was known especially for the University of Sankore in Timbuktu, which held thousands of manuscripts on subjects like mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and more.

Economically, the Songhai Empire was a key player in trans-Saharan trade. Trade goods involved salt, gold, ivory, and agricultural products, among other things.

The Songhai Empire's decline began with internal disputes over succession coupled with external invasions. In 1591, the Moroccan army defeated the Songhai in the Battle of Tondibi, signaling the end of the formidable empire.

Ebony...

"Our heritage is a river of knowledge from the Songhai Empire, powerful and enduring. May its currents fuel our passions, drive our purpose, and remind us that from a mighty lineage, endless possibilities can flow."

The Great Zimbabwe Empire...

The Great Zimbabwe Empire, also referred to as the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, was a medieval civilization that existed from approximately the 11th to the 15th century in present-day Zimbabwe. It's regarded as one of the most significant historical sites in Southern Africa and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Here are a few bullet points detailing the empire:

The term "Zimbabwe" is a Shona name that translates to "large houses of stone," which is clearly demonstrated by the stone-built cities that remain from the era.
The empire was particularly known for its distinct architecture, with its most notable structure being the Great Zimbabwe, a complex of stone walls and buildings spread over hundreds of acres. These structures were impressively built without any kind of mortar.
At its peak around the 13th and 14th centuries, the urban site of Great Zimbabwe housed approximately 20,000 people and was approximately 80 hectares in area - the largest ancient structure south of the Sahara.
The Great Zimbabwe Empire flourished as a trading center. The location of the empire was strategic for trade, particularly gold and ivory, with routes leading as far as China and India through the Swahili ports on the East African coast.
Its society was very hierarchical, with a ruling class and a population containing skilled craftsmen.
The civilization fell into decline during the 15th century, largely due to overpopulation and the overexploitation of natural resources, leading to internal weaknesses and external pressures.

Today the ruins of Great Zimbabwe are among the most significant historical and archaeological sites in Africa, offering insight into this relatively less-known yet fascinating civilization that once prospered in South Africa.

Ebony...

"Let the stones of Great Zimbabwe remind us that as descendants, we possess the endurance and creativity to build our own empires. Just as our ancestors laid each stone with purpose, may every step we take construct a future as enduring and significant as the empire of our past."

Did you know...

Lumpkin's Jail, also known as the Devil's Half Acre, was a notorious slave-holding facility located in Richmond, Virginia, during the era of American slavery. It gained a reputation for its harsh and brutal conditions, making it a symbol of the cruelty and inhumanity of the institution of slavery. Here's more information about Lumpkin's Jail:

Establishment and Ownership:

Lumpkin's Jail was established in the 1830s by Robert Lumpkin, a white businessman and slave trader. The facility was used primarily as a holding pen for enslaved individuals who were being bought, sold, or transported to different parts of the South.

Location:

The jail was located in Richmond, Virginia, a major hub for the domestic slave trade. Its location within the city's Shockoe Bottom district made it strategically situated for the buying and selling of enslaved people.

Conditions:

The conditions at Lumpkin's Jail were deplorable. Enslaved individuals were crowded into small, dark, and unsanitary cells. They endured extreme overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and harsh treatment from the jail's overseers.

Domestic Slave Trade:

Richmond was a center for the domestic slave trade, and Lumpkin's Jail played a significant role in facilitating the trade of enslaved people. Enslaved individuals were often brought to the jail from various parts of Virginia and the surrounding states before being sold to plantations in the Deep South.

Notable Inmates:

Lumpkin's Jail held a significant number of enslaved individuals, many of whom were subjected to the brutal realities of the domestic slave trade. Notable figures such as Solomon Northup, the author of "Twelve Years a Slave," spent time in Richmond's slave jails, possibly including Lumpkin's.

Legacy:

The legacy of Lumpkin's Jail is a grim reminder of the inhumanity of slavery. The facility represents the physical and psychological suffering endured by enslaved people and their families. The term "Devil's Half Acre" reflects the hellish conditions that characterized the jail.

Archaeological Discovery:

In recent years, archaeological excavations have been conducted in the Shockoe Bottom area to uncover the remains of Lumpkin's Jail and other sites associated with the slave trade. These efforts aim to preserve and remember this dark chapter of American history.

Historical Context:

Lumpkin's Jail is just one example of the many similar facilities that existed across the American South. These facilities played a central role in the perpetuation of slavery, the separation of families, and the dehumanization of Black individuals.

Today, the site of Lumpkin's Jail stands as a testament to the resilience of enslaved people and serves as a powerful reminder of the horrors of slavery. Efforts to preserve and commemorate sites like Lumpkin's Jail are vital in acknowledging and understanding the profound impact of slavery on American society and culture

Quick Fact...

Enslaved black women who could pass for white, were often required to wear head wraps to signify their slave status and differentiate them from white women

The Kingdom of Ghana...

The Kingdom of Ghana, also known as Ghana Empire, was an influential West African empire that flourished from around 300 to 1100 CE. Despite the name, it's important to know that the ancient Ghana Empire isn't geographically connected to the modern country of Ghana, Here are the key points about the Ghana Empire:

The Ghana Empire was situated in the western part of Africa, primarily in what is now southeast Mauritania and western Mali.
The empire is sometimes called the 'Land of Gold' due to its abundant gold resources, which were an essential part of its economy.
The leaders of Ghana controlled the gold trade routes across the Sahara, which were the main reason for its immense wealth. Traded goods included gold, salt, and ivory.
The capital of the Ghana Empire was Koumbi Saleh, which was an important commercial and trading center. Recent archeological findings suggest that Koumbi Saleh was a complex city with a royal palace, mosques, and vibrant markets.
The empire operated under a central ruler, known as the Ghana or the king, who had significant political and religious duties.
The King had a hierarchical bureaucracy of ministers, governors, and lower-level officials to efficiently manage the vast empire.
Ghana was a complex society with a well-established legal system. There were specific laws for commerce and trade, which ensured the safety and security of traders traveling through the area.
Expansion of the Almoravid dynasty from North Africa and depletion of the empire's gold mines led to the decline of the Ghana Empire in the 12th century.

Today, the ancient Ghana Empire is known for its role in boosting trans-Saharan trade and its substantial contributions to West African heritage.

Ebony...

"Remember, we are the descendants of the 'Land of Gold' - the Ghana Empire. We carry within us the wealth of our legacy, the richness of our culture, and the strength of our ancestors. Like the gold that defined our kingdom, let us strive to shine brightly and remain unyielding in our pursuit of excellence."

The Aksum Empire...

The Kingdom of Aksum, or Axum. was a significant early civilization located in what is now northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. It existed approximately from the 1st to the 10th century AD. here are some key points about the Aksum Empire:

The Aksum Empire was one of the four great powers of the world during its peak, alongside Rome, Persia, and China.
The empire controlled important trade routes between the Roman Empire and ancient India, dealing in commodities such as silk, spices, ivory, and gold.
The city of Aksum was the empire's capital and a vital hub for global trade.
The economy of Aksum was based on agriculture, manufacturing, and trade. It used its own currency, minting its gold, silver, and bronze coins, which promoted trade considerably.
The Aksumite civilization was one of the first in the world to adopt Christianity, around the 14th century AD.
Aksumites developed a unique written script known as Ge'ez. which is still used in some Orthodox Churches in the region.
The architectural achievement of the Aksumites is showcased by their massive stone obelisks, known as stelae. The largest standing one, known as the Obelisk of Axum, is around 24 meters high. One lying on the ground, now broken into several parts, was even larger - as tall as 33 meters when intact.
The decline of the Aksum Empire around the 7th to 8th centuries is attributed to multiple factors, including over-farming, a shift in the trade routes away from the Red Sea towards the Persian Gulf, and invasions.

Today, the remnants of the Aksum Empire, including the stelae fields, palaces, and archaeological sites, provide a significant insight into this once influential civilization.

Ebony...

"May we always remember the legacy of Axum, an empire that once stood with the world's greatest. The same strength, wisdom, and creativity run through our veins. We are not just descendants of a remarkable past, but the architects of an extraordinary future."

The Nubian Kingdoms...

The Nubian Kingdoms were a series of ancient African civilizations that developed in the region known as Nubia, which spanned parts of modern-day Sudan and southern Egypt. These kingdoms played a significant role in the history of the Nile Valley and had cultural, political, and economic interactions with both ancient Egypt and other civilizations in the region. Here are some key points regarding the Nubian Kingdoms:

The earliest Nubian civilization, known as the Kerma culture, emerged around 2500 BCE in Upper Nubia. Kerma was a powerful city-state and trading center that eventually developed into the Kingdom of Kerma. It thrived as a trade hub for resources such as gold, copper, and ivory.
The Nubian Kingdom of Kush emerged around 1000 BCE and experienced three major periods: the Napatan Kingdom, the Meroitic Kingdom, and the Post-Meroitic Kingdom.
The Napatan Kingdom, starting around 750 BCE, was heavily influenced by Egypt and eventually conquered Egypt, establishing the 25th Dynasty (Black Pharaohs) and ruling over Egypt for about a century.
The Meroitic Kingdom, which lasted from around 300 BCE to 350 CE, thrived independently after the decline of the Napatan Kingdom. Meroe, the capital, became a major economic center, known for its iron production, agriculture, and trade along the Nile.
The Nubian Kingdoms had their own unique culture, blending elements of Egyptian, indigenous African, and other foreign influences. Their art, architecture, and language, known as the Meroitic script, showcase this distinct cultural synthesis.
The Nubian Kingdoms were often in conflict with other regional powers like Egypt and Axum (an ancient kingdom in present-day Ethiopia) over control of trade routes, resources, and political influence.
The decline of the Nubian Kingdoms began in the 4th century CE, mainly due to factors such as the shift in trade routes and the rise of Axum, combined with environmental changes and internal political struggles.
Despite their decline, Nubian cultures survived, and Nubia later became an important center for the spread of Islam in Africa.

Today, the archeological sites of ancient Nubian Kingdoms, including the pyramids, temples, and royal burial grounds, provide valuable insights into the rich history and legacy of these remarkable civilizations.

Ebony...

"As descendants of the illustrious Nubian Kingdoms, we are heirs to a heritage of resilience, innovation, and grandeur. Our strength is as mighty as the Nile that nourished our ancestral lands. Let our actions reflect that strength, and our dreams echo the grandeur of our past, as we build our path to an even more glorious future."

The Swahili City-States...

The Swahili City-States were a collection of independent merchant cities along the coast of East Africa, primarily present-day Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. These city-states rose to prominence from the 8th century to the 16th century due to trade. Here are some key highlights:

Trade was the central part of the Swahili city-states' economy, acting as active intermediaries between the interior of Africa and the Indian Ocean world. They exported goods like gold, ivory, iron, and slaves, and imported items such as pottery, glass, and textiles.
The major city-states included Mombasa, Mogadishu, Malindi, and Kilwa, with each city-state consisting of a walled city and its surrounding territory. Kilwa is thought to have been one of the most significant commercially and politically thanks to its strategic locations.
Shifting monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean allowed for easy trade between the city-states, Arabia, Persia, India, and even China.
Swahili, a Bantu language with many loan words from Arabic, emerged as the lingua franca of these city-states, enabling communication for trade and diplomacy across diverse cultures.
The Swahili culture was highly influenced by Islamic culture through trade and Islamic conversions among the locals. The cities were characterized by stone houses, mosques, and tombs, largely made from coral rag and mangrove poles, which demonstrates their unique architectural style.
Swahili city-states followed a form of government known as hereditary monarchies, where rulership was passed through lineage within ruling families.
The arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th-16th century marked the decline of the Swahili city-states. The Portuguese sought to control the Indian Ocean trade, which led to the decline and eventually downfall of many of these city-states.

Even after the decline of these city-states, the Swahili coast remains central to East African trade, and the Swahili culture and language continue to be influential in the African continent.

Ebony...

"Carry with you always the spirit of the Swahili City-States, a testament of diligence, prosperity, and cultural harmony. We are the new dawn of this age-old civilization, navigating the winds of change just as our ancestors navigated the monsoon winds. In every wave of challenge, see an opportunity to steer your boat towards brighter shores."

The Benin Kingdom...

The Kingdom of Benin, also known as the Edo Kingdom, was a pre-colonial African state located in what is now southern Nigeria. It was established around the 14th century and remained until it was annexed by the British Empire in 1897. Here are the key points about the Benin Kingdom:

The Benin Kingdom was richly endowed with sculpture and cast bronze narrative plaques, which adorned the royal palace. These masterpieces offer a detailed chronological account of the court figures of the Benin Empire and provide as important vision of a grand court's splendor in Africa.
The Benin Kingdom was ruled by a single monarch known as the Oba. The Oba had supreme authority in matters of the state.
The Oba's court was home to a vast array of officials who assisted in governing the empire's complex administration structure.
The Kingdom developed advanced techniques in bronze and brass sculptures and was renowned for its artisans and craftsmen. some of their artwork is recognized globally for its intricate detailing and storytelling.
The economy of the Benin Kingdom was based on agriculture, metalwork, and trade.
The kingdom was excellent in city planning. Benin City, the capital of the Benin empire, was one of the first cities to have a semblance of street lighting. Huge metal lamps built and placed around the city, especially near the King's palace.
By the late 1400s and early 1500s, the Benin Kingdom had expanded to occupy parts of present-day southeastern Nigeria, including Lagos and many Yoruba areas,
In 1897, a Punitive Expedition led by the British looted and burned Benin City, leading to the exile of the reigning Oba and effectively marking the end of the Benin Kingdom's independent political structure.
After the end of the kingdom, artifacts, particularly the well-known Benin Bronzes, were taken by the British to Europe and are today displayed in various Western museums.

The Benin Kingdom has lasting cultural significance today, particularly through the continuation of its traditional monarchy; the Oba still plays a significant ceremonial role in Benin City.

Rise Ebony, Rise...

"From the echoes of our ancestors to the future generations, let the endurance of the Benin Kingdom inspire us. For we are, and always will be, an empire of resilience, creativity, and grandeur. Never forget that mighty trees grow from persistent roots."

Did you know...

The practice of requiring enslaved Black ushers to wear white gloves in the church was a form of racial discrimination and dehumanization. This practice reflected the pervasive racism and segregation within society during the time, particularly in religious spaces. The wearing of white gloves was intended to visually distinguish Black ushers from the rest of the congregation and emphasize their subservient status. It served as a symbol of racial hierarchy and served to reinforce the notion of white superiority. It is important to recognize and understand these historical practices in order to work towards a more inclusive and equitable future.

Quick Fact...

During the slavery era, some black babies were used as alligator bait

Slave Ports and Trading Posts of the Atlantic Slave Trade...

The Atlantic slave trade involved the forced transportation of enslaved African individuals across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Many ports in Africa were involved in this trade, and the enslaved individuals were then transported to various destinations in the Americas, particularly in North America, the Caribbean, and South America. Here are some of the major African ports that played a role in the Atlantic slave trade:

Goree Island (Senegal):

This island off the coast of Senegal in West Africa was a key trading post for European slave traders. It was a departure point for many enslaved Africans heading to the Americas.

Elmina Castle (Ghana):

Elmina Castle was one of the first and most significant European trading posts in West Africa. It was a major hub for the slave trade, where enslaved Africans were held before being shipped to the Americas.

Cape Coast Castle (Ghana):

Another prominent trading post in Ghana, Cape Coast Castle, was used to hold and transport enslaved Africans. The castle's dungeons are a grim reminder of the suffering endured by those who were awaiting transport.

Ouidah (Benin):

Ouidah was a significant port in the Kingdom of Dahomey (modern-day Benin) where enslaved individuals were gathered for shipment across the Atlantic.

Luanda (Angola):

The Portuguese established a major slave trading port in Luanda, Angola. Enslaved Africans from the interior regions of Angola were often transported from this port.

Lagos (Nigeria):

Lagos was a major slave trading port in what is now Nigeria. It was controlled by various European powers during the Atlantic slave trade.

Badagry (Nigeria):

Another Nigerian port, Badagry, was involved in the transatlantic slave trade. The town's history is closely tied to the slave trade, with remnants of the trade still visible today.

Bight of Biafra (Nigeria and Cameroon):

The Bight of Biafra was a region that encompassed parts of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. Several ports in this region were used for the transportation of enslaved Africans.

Whydah (Benin):

Whydah was another important slave trading port in the Kingdom of Dahomey. Enslaved individuals were gathered here before being sent to the Americas.

Saint-Louis (Senegal):

This Senegalese city served as a port for the French slave trade. It was strategically located at the mouth of the Senegal River.

These are just a few examples of the numerous African ports that were involved in the transatlantic slave trade. The impact of the slave trade on African societies, as well as its profound effects on the Americas, continues to be a subject of historical and cultural exploration.

Goree Island...

Goree Island, located off the coast of Senegal in West Africa, is historically significant for its role in the transatlantic slave trade. It was one of the departure points where enslaved Africans were held before being shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas. Today, the island serves as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a symbol of the horrors of the slave trade.

Geography and Overview:

Goree Island is a small, picturesque island situated about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) from the Senegalese capital, Dakar. Despite its tranquil appearance, the island's history is marked by the suffering and misery endured by countless enslaved Africans who passed through its shores.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Goree Island had several structures that were used to hold enslaved Africans before their forced journey across the Atlantic. The most infamous of these buildings is the House of Slaves (Maison des Esclaves). This building was used as a holding facility where enslaved individuals were confined before being loaded onto ships bound for the Americas.

The House of Slaves, built in the late 18th century, is a two-story structure that includes cramped and dark rooms where enslaved Africans were held. The infamous "Door of No Return" is a small door that led from the courtyard of the House of Slaves to the water's edge. It is believed that enslaved Africans were forced to pass through this door before being loaded onto ships, effectively marking the moment of their departure from Africa.

Symbolism and Memorial:

Today, Goree Island stands as a powerful symbol of the transatlantic slave trade's impact on African history and the African diaspora. The island's historical significance has led to efforts to preserve its history and memory. The House of Slaves has been turned into a museum, serving as a somber reminder of the horrors of the slave trade.

Visitors to Goree Island can tour the House of Slaves, view the cramped and dimly lit chambers where enslaved Africans were held, and learn about the brutal conditions they endured. The island's solemn atmosphere and historical sites serve as a memorial to the millions who suffered and lost their lives as a result of the transatlantic slave trade.

Legacy:

Goree Island stands as a testament to the importance of remembering and acknowledging the historical injustices of the past. It serves as a place of reflection, education, and remembrance, urging visitors to confront the legacy of the slave trade and its enduring impact on both African and American societies.

Elmina Castle...

Elmina Castle, located in present-day Elmina, Ghana, is a historic fortress that played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. It was a key trading post for European powers engaged in the trade of enslaved Africans. The castle is a stark reminder of the inhumane conditions and suffering endured by those who were held captive before being transported across the Atlantic.

History and Significance:

Elmina Castle was established by the Portuguese in 1482 as São Jorge da Mina, making it one of the oldest European buildings in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary purpose of the castle was to serve as a trading post for various commodities, including gold, ivory, and eventually enslaved Africans. Over the centuries, Elmina Castle changed hands between various European powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, and British.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Elmina Castle was strategically positioned along the coast of West Africa and served as a hub for the transatlantic slave trade. Enslaved Africans were captured and held in dungeons within the castle's walls before being loaded onto ships and transported to the Americas.

The castle features several dungeons where enslaved individuals were kept in horrendous conditions. The two main dungeons, known as the "male" and "female" dungeons, were harsh, dark, and cramped spaces where hundreds of people were packed together. These dungeons lacked proper ventilation, sanitation, and basic facilities, leading to unimaginable suffering and death.

Door of No Return:

Similar to other slave trading posts, Elmina Castle has a symbolic "Door of No Return." This doorway faced the sea and was the last point of contact for many enslaved Africans before they were forced onto ships bound for the Americas. The name "Door of No Return" signifies the irreversible journey that awaited those who passed through it.

Legacy and Remembrance:

Elmina Castle stands as a powerful testament to the atrocities of the transatlantic slave trade. It serves as a memorial to the millions of lives lost and the immeasurable suffering endured by those who were forcibly taken from their homes. The castle has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, highlighting its historical significance and the need to remember the horrors of the past.

Today, Elmina Castle has been transformed into a museum, offering visitors an opportunity to learn about the history of the transatlantic slave trade, the conditions endured by enslaved Africans, and the lasting impact of this dark period on both African and global history.

Visiting Elmina Castle is a sobering experience that encourages reflection on the brutal legacy of slavery, the resilience of those who suffered, and the importance of acknowledging and confronting historical injustices.

Cape Coast Castle...

Cape Coast Castle, located in Cape Coast, Ghana, is another significant fortress that played a central role in the transatlantic slave trade. Like Elmina Castle, Cape Coast Castle was a European trading post that became notorious for its involvement in the enslavement and shipping of Africans across the Atlantic.

Historical Context:

Cape Coast Castle was originally constructed by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. Over time, it changed hands between various European colonial powers, including the Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, and British. Its primary function evolved from a trading post for goods like gold, ivory, and spices to a center for the trading and shipping of enslaved Africans.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Cape Coast Castle had dungeons that were used to confine enslaved Africans before they were loaded onto ships bound for the Americas. The castle's dungeons were notorious for their harsh and inhumane conditions, with multiple people crammed into small, poorly ventilated spaces. Enslaved individuals were subjected to crowded, dark, and unsanitary conditions that caused immense suffering and loss of life.

The "male" and "female" dungeons were the main holding areas for enslaved Africans. These dungeons lacked basic amenities and were designed solely for the purpose of holding captives before their forced journey across the Atlantic.

Door of No Return:

Similar to other slave trading posts, Cape Coast Castle features a symbolic "Door of No Return." This door faced the sea and represented the final departure point for enslaved Africans before they were loaded onto ships. Passing through this doorway marked the irreversible journey that awaited those who were sold into slavery.

Legacy and Preservation:

Cape Coast Castle, like Elmina Castle, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has been transformed into a museum to educate visitors about the history of the transatlantic slave trade and the immense human suffering associated with it. The museum displays artifacts, documents, and exhibitions that provide insight into the experiences of enslaved Africans and the impact of the slave trade on both African and global history.

Visiting Cape Coast Castle offers a powerful and emotional experience, allowing visitors to confront the horrors of the past and reflect on the ongoing legacies of slavery. It serves as a reminder of the importance of acknowledging historical injustices and promoting understanding, empathy, and healing.

Ouidah...

Ouidah, located in present-day Benin, was a significant port city along the West African coast that played a role in the transatlantic slave trade. It served as a departure point for countless enslaved Africans who were forcibly transported to the Americas. Ouidah is known for its history of trade, including the trade of enslaved individuals, as well as its rich cultural heritage.

Historical Context:

Ouidah, also spelled as Whydah, was a major center of trade and commerce in West Africa. The city's strategic location along the coast made it a hub for various trading activities, including the exchange of goods, resources, and unfortunately, enslaved Africans.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Ouidah had various sites where enslaved Africans were held before being loaded onto ships for the transatlantic journey. While it may not have had the same types of fortresses as other prominent trading posts like Elmina and Cape Coast, it still played a significant role in the forced displacement of enslaved individuals.

Enslaved Africans were often gathered in holding areas near the coastline, waiting for their turn to board the ships. These holding areas were likely temporary and less fortified than the dungeons found in larger trading posts. The enslaved individuals endured harsh conditions while awaiting transport, including inadequate shelter, limited access to food and water, and the constant threat of violence and exploitation.

Cultural Significance:

Ouidah is also known for its cultural and spiritual significance. It was a center of the Vodun (Voodoo) religion, which played an important role in the lives of many West Africans. Ouidah's history as a trading hub, including the transatlantic slave trade, has left a lasting impact on its cultural landscape.

Legacy and Memorial:

Today, Ouidah stands as a place of historical significance and remembrance. The city has established the Door of No Return monument, similar to those found in other parts of West Africa, symbolizing the departure of enslaved Africans through the transatlantic slave trade. The monument serves as a reminder of the human suffering endured during this dark period of history.

Ouidah continues to honor its history and heritage through various cultural festivals, museums, and commemorative events. These efforts contribute to preserving the memory of the transatlantic slave trade and promoting understanding among visitors about the profound impact of the trade on African societies and the global African diaspora.

Luanda...

Luanda, located in present-day Angola, was a significant port city in the transatlantic slave trade. It served as a departure point for many enslaved Africans who were forcibly transported to the Americas, particularly to Brazil and the Caribbean. Luanda's role in the slave trade has left a lasting impact on the city's history and cultural heritage.

Historical Context:

Luanda was established as a Portuguese trading post in the 16th century and developed into a major colonial port. The city's location along the southwest coast of Africa made it strategically positioned for trade, including the exchange of enslaved individuals, as well as other commodities.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Enslaved Africans in the region around Luanda were often captured and held in holding areas along the coast before being transported across the Atlantic. Unlike some other ports, Luanda did not have as many grand fortresses, but rather relied on various holding facilities and trading posts along the coastline.

Enslaved individuals were held in these temporary facilities under brutal conditions while awaiting their forced journey to the Americas. These holding areas were characterized by overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and the constant threat of violence.

Impact on Angolan Society:

The transatlantic slave trade had a profound impact on the social fabric of Angola. The mass displacement of people from their homeland had far-reaching consequences, leading to depopulation, disrupted communities, and significant cultural changes. The trade also exacerbated tensions among local groups, as some African leaders participated in the capture and sale of individuals from rival groups.

Cultural Legacy:

Despite the tragic history associated with the transatlantic slave trade, Luanda and Angola as a whole have rich and diverse cultural heritages. The city's history has influenced its music, art, and traditions, with elements of African, European, and indigenous cultures blending together.

Memorials and Reflection:

While there may not be specific dungeons or fortresses in Luanda that mirror the well-known slave trading posts of other regions, the memory of the transatlantic slave trade is still present in the city's collective consciousness. Efforts are being made to remember and reflect upon this history, including through educational initiatives, museums, and cultural events.

It's important to note that the legacy of the transatlantic slave trade in Luanda and across the African continent is complex and multifaceted. The city's history is a reminder of the resilience of African cultures and the ongoing need to recognize and confront the impact of historical injustices.

Lagos...

Lagos, located in present-day Nigeria, was a significant coastal city that played a role in the transatlantic slave trade. It served as both a port for ships involved in the trade and a center for the exchange of enslaved Africans. While Lagos does not have the same iconic fortresses as some other ports, it was a notable hub in the complex network of the slave trade.

Historical Context:

Lagos has a long history as a trading center, even before the arrival of European colonial powers. However, with the advent of the transatlantic slave trade, Lagos became a key player in the exchange of enslaved individuals, as well as other goods such as textiles, firearms, and spices.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Lagos did not have grand fortresses like Elmina or Cape Coast Castle, but it had several trading posts and holding areas along its coastline where enslaved Africans were kept before being transported across the Atlantic. These holding areas were often makeshift, temporary sites that were used to confine captives before they were loaded onto ships.

The conditions in these holding areas were harsh and dehumanizing. Enslaved individuals endured overcrowded spaces, unsanitary conditions, and the constant threat of violence from traders and overseers.

Cultural and Historical Impact:

The transatlantic slave trade had a profound impact on Lagos and the surrounding regions. The mass abduction and forced displacement of people disrupted communities, families, and traditional social structures. The legacy of this period continues to influence the cultural fabric of the region.

Legacy and Remembrance:

Lagos today is a bustling metropolis with a diverse cultural heritage. While the city has grown and evolved over the centuries, the memory of its role in the slave trade persists. Efforts are being made to remember and reflect upon this history, not only within Nigeria but also globally.

Lagos serves as a reminder of the need to confront the painful legacy of the transatlantic slave trade and acknowledge the ongoing impact of historical injustices on communities and societies. Initiatives that promote education, remembrance, and cultural exchange contribute to a deeper understanding of this complex history and its significance.

Badagry...

Badagry, located in present-day Nigeria, was a significant port town along the West African coast that played a role in the transatlantic slave trade. It served as a departure point for enslaved Africans who were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to the Americas. Badagry's history is closely intertwined with the grim realities of the slave trade.

Historical Context:

Badagry was a key trading post and port in the Gulf of Guinea. It was involved in various trade activities, including the exchange of enslaved individuals, as well as other commodities such as palm oil and textiles. The town's proximity to the coast made it strategically positioned for maritime trade.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Badagry did not have large fortresses like Elmina or Cape Coast Castle, but it had several smaller trading posts and holding areas where enslaved Africans were temporarily kept before being loaded onto ships. These holding areas were often crude and makeshift, lacking the architectural grandeur of some other well-known slave trading posts.

Enslaved individuals in Badagry endured dehumanizing conditions while awaiting transportation. These conditions included overcrowded spaces, unsanitary environments, and harsh treatment by traders and overseers.

Point of No Return:

One of the most significant features of Badagry's history is the "Point of No Return." This is a symbolic site along the coast where enslaved Africans were believed to have taken their last steps on African soil before boarding ships to the Americas. The Point of No Return serves as a poignant reminder of the irreversible journey that awaited those who were sold into slavery.

Legacy and Remembrance:

Today, Badagry stands as a place of historical significance and remembrance. The town has taken steps to preserve and honor its history, particularly its role in the transatlantic slave trade. Various memorials, museums, and historical sites in Badagry are dedicated to educating visitors about the atrocities of the trade and the impact it had on African societies.

Efforts to remember and reflect upon this history are vital for acknowledging the suffering and loss endured by enslaved individuals, their descendants, and the broader African diaspora. Through education, cultural initiatives, and respectful memorialization, Badagry serves as a place of learning and remembrance that encourages a deeper understanding of the complexities of the transatlantic slave trade and its enduring legacy.

The Bight of Biafra...

The Bight of Biafra, a region located along the coast of present-day Nigeria and Cameroon, was an area of significant involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. The Bight of Biafra was named after the Bight of Biafra, a large bay in the Gulf of Guinea, and it included various coastal communities that were engaged in the trade of enslaved Africans.

Historical Context:

The Bight of Biafra was one of the many regions along the West African coast where European colonial powers established trading posts and forts to facilitate the transatlantic slave trade. The region was strategically located and had access to a significant number of potential captives from the interior regions.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Enslaved Africans in the Bight of Biafra region were often held in coastal forts, trading posts, and temporary holding areas before being transported across the Atlantic. These facilities varied in size and structure, but they all shared the common purpose of confining enslaved individuals until they could be loaded onto ships.

Conditions in these holding areas were notoriously harsh. Enslaved individuals endured crowded, unsanitary, and inhumane conditions while awaiting their forced journey across the Atlantic. These sites were sites of immense suffering, as captives were subjected to physical and psychological abuse.

Impact on Society:

The transatlantic slave trade had a profound impact on societies in the Bight of Biafra region. The massive abduction of individuals from their communities disrupted social structures, contributed to conflicts, and caused lasting trauma. The loss of a significant portion of the population also had economic repercussions for the region.

Cultural Legacy:

The transatlantic slave trade significantly impacted the cultural landscape of the Bight of Biafra. It led to the dispersal of people from various ethnic groups to different parts of the Americas, resulting in the preservation and adaptation of African cultural elements in the diaspora.

Legacy and Remembering:

Today, efforts are being made to remember and honor the history of the transatlantic slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. Some of the former trading posts and forts have been preserved as historical sites and museums, serving as reminders of the atrocities that occurred there.

Visiting these sites provides an opportunity for reflection on the painful history of the trade and its ongoing impact. Remembering the transatlantic slave trade is essential for acknowledging the suffering endured by countless individuals and recognizing the need for continued efforts to confront and address the legacy of this dark period in history.

Saint-Louis...

Saint-Louis, located in present-day Senegal, was a significant coastal city that played a role in the transatlantic slave trade. It served as a departure point for enslaved Africans who were forcibly transported across the Atlantic to the Americas. Saint-Louis has a complex history shaped by trade, colonialism, and the profound impact of the slave trade.

Historical Context:

Saint-Louis was established as a French trading post in the 17th century and developed into an important colonial port along the coast of West Africa. The city's location at the mouth of the Senegal River made it strategically positioned for maritime trade and the movement of goods.

Slave Holding Facilities:

Enslaved Africans in Saint-Louis were often held in temporary facilities and holding areas along the coast before being transported across the Atlantic. These facilities were usually makeshift encampments or small structures, rather than grand fortresses.

The conditions in these holding areas were harsh and dehumanizing. Enslaved individuals faced overcrowded spaces, unsanitary conditions, and the constant threat of violence and exploitation. The trauma of being forcibly separated from their families and communities and subjected to the horrors of the trade marked this period as one of profound suffering.

Legacy and Remembrance:

Saint-Louis today stands as a city with a rich history and cultural heritage. Efforts have been made to remember and acknowledge its role in the transatlantic slave trade. The city's history, including its involvement in the trade, is taught and commemorated through educational initiatives, museums, and cultural events.

Saint-Louis serves as a reminder of the need to confront and remember the painful legacy of the transatlantic slave trade. By acknowledging this history, the city contributes to broader discussions about historical injustices and the ongoing impact of the trade on African societies and the global African diaspora.

Efforts to preserve the memory of the transatlantic slave trade are vital for fostering understanding, empathy, and healing. Saint-Louis's history reminds us of the importance of learning from the past and working towards a more just and equitable future.

Quick Fact...
As of 2023, Tyler Perry Owns about 25% of BET

Did you know...

District of Columbia Emancipation Act (1862): President Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862. This act provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, with compensation to slave owners. Enslaved individuals in the district were freed, and their owners were paid up to $300 per enslaved person as compensation.

Atlantic Slave Trade Ships...

Amistad
Brookes
Zong
Henrietta Marie
Clotilda
Sally
Le Rodeur
Fredensborg

Amistad...

The Amistad was a 19th-century Spanish schooner that became internationally significant in 1839 as the site of a slave revolt. The event and subsequent legal battles in the United States became a focal point in the movement to abolish slavery.

It began when the ship sailed from Sierra Leone carrying 53 Mende captives - 49 men, 3 girls, and a boy - who had been illegally bought in Africa. The captives were headed for plantations in Cuba, which, at the time, still practiced slavery despite its abolition in most Western countries.

On July 2, 1839, the captured Africans, led by a Mende rice farmer named Sengbe Pieh (later known in the Unites States as Joseph Cinque), revolted. They killed the captain and the ship's cook, seized control of the ship, and demanded to be returned to Africa.

Instead, the ship's remaining navigators steered it north, where it was intercepted near Long Island, New York, by the US Navy. The Africans were arrested and charged with murder. The case eventually reached the Unites States Supreme Court, where, with the help of former President John Quincy Adams acting as their defense lawyer, the Mende people were acknowledged as having been captured in violation of international law, as the African slave trade was illegal in most of the world at the time.

They were judged to have acted as free men when they fought to escape their illegal confinement. The Court ordered the charges of murder to be dropped and the Africans to be freed. Most of the Mende survivors returned to Africa in 1842. This case was an influential event in the lengthy process that led to the end of the legal transatlantic slave trade.

Brookes...

The Brookes was a British slave ship infamous for its gruesome transport conditions during the transatlantic slave trade. It is particularly well-known because an image of the ship's deck plans showing enslaved Africans packed onto its decks was widely circulated by British abolitionists to raise public awareness about the atrocity of the slave trade.

The ship was designed to carry a few hundred people but was frequently overcrowded, causing deaths from diseases and maltreatment. Under the 1788 regulation "Dolben's Act"' the ship was allowed to carry 454 enslaved people, giving each person an area of 6 feet by 1 foot 4 inches (1.8m x 0.4m). However, before this regulation, the infamous crossing made in 1783 packed as many as 609 slaves into the cargo space.

The drawing produced by the Plymouth Chapter of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade is one of the most potent symbols of the inhumanity of the transatlantic slave trade. This image depicted the men, women, and children lying in their allotted spaces with barely enough room to move or breathe.

The shocking image of the Brookes bore witness to the appalling conditions slaves endured on their voyage and galvanized public opinion against the slave trade, contributing to the growing movement that culminated with the passage of the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which prohibited the trading of slaves within the British Empire.

Zong...

The Zong was an infamous English slave ship that became synonymous with the horrors of the Atlantic slave trade due to the tragic and brutal 1781 event known as the Zong Massacre.

The ship was originally a Dutch slave vessel named Zorg or "Care," but was captured by the British in 1781 and renamed Zong. On its notorious voyage, the Zong departed from Accra (now in Ghana) on the coast of Africa with around 442 enslaved Africans on board.

During the crossing, over 60 enslaved Africans and crew members died from diseases such as dysentery and malnutrition. Upon reaching the Caribbean Sea, but still quite far from their destination of Jamaica, the ship's water supplies were depleting. The captain, Luke Collingwood, made the horrific decision to throw approximately 132 living, enslaved Africans overboard, intending to claim their loss on the ship's insurance, as they were insured as cargo.

The incident triggered a significant controversy when the shipowners attempted to claim the insurance. While the initial court backed their claim, the decision was later challenged and overturned. While no one was ever convicted for the massacre, it led to increasing public discourse against the inhumanity of the slave trade. The Zong massacre played a crucial role in turning British public opinion against the slave trade, acting as a catalyst in the push towards abolishing the trade by the turn of the 19th century.

Henrietta Marie...

The Henrietta Marie was an English merchant slave ship active in the early 18th century, named after the wife of King Charles 1 of England. It is one of the earliest slave ships from which tangible remains now exist, illuminating the conditions in which enslaved people were transported across the Atlantic.

The ship's final voyage took place in 1700. Having arrived on the African coast, the Henrietta Marie's crew purchased approximately 200 enslaved Africans, whom they then sold in Jamaica. after unloading the enslaved Africans in Port Royal, the ship returned to England but tragically wrecked off the coast of Florida. The captain and crew are believed to have survived the wreck, but the ship was lost.

Lost for nearly 300 years, the shipwreck was discovered by treasure hunter Mel Fisher in 1972 off coast of Key West. Over the tears, a vast array of artifacts were recovered from the wreck site, shedding valuable light on the realities of the transatlantic slave trade. These items, which include iron shackles, trade beads, cannon, and the ship's bell, now form a crucial part of the historical record.

Many of the Henrietta Marie's artifacts are on display at the Mel Fisher Maritime Museum in Key West, Florida, and the National African American Museum, serving as a stark reminder of the inhumanity of the slave trade and the long struggle for human rights and equality.

Clotilda...

The Clotilda is known as the last ship to bring enslaved people from Africa to the United States, marking a significant moment in the history of the Atlantic slave trade. The ship is named after the French ship La Clotilde, which completed its illicit journey in 1860, illegally importing 110-160 Africans into the U.S., a full fifty years after the U.S. Congress banned the international slave trade in 1808.

The journey of the Clotilda was financed by Timothy Meaher, a wealthy Alabama businessman who reportedly made a wager that he could evade U.S. laws prohibiting the importation of slaves. The ship was captained by William Foster, and its voyage was both dangerous and secretive, as the crew would face severe penalties if discovered.

Upon arrival in Alabama, the enslaved people were quickly sold, and the Clotilda was burned and scuttled in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta to destroy any evidence of its illegal trip. The journey is infamous for its bold arrogance and the inhumane conditions under which the enslaved people traveled.

Ironically, the descendants of the Clotilda's African passengers established a unique community in Alabama's Plateau/Magazine Point region, known as Africantown. This community held onto significant aspects of their African cultural heritage and even used their original African languages well into the 20th century.

The wreck of the Clotilda was officially located and identified in January 2018 by archaeologists from Alabama Historical Commission and Search Inc, bringing physical evidence to this historical event.

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To the Descendants of the Atlantic Slave Trade...

Sally...

The Sally was an infamous slave ship from Rhode Island, United States, that was involved in the transatlantic slave trade in the 18th century. The ship is particularly known for its 1761-1765 voyage under the command of Captain Esek Hopkins, a voyage which became a scandal due to the extreme brutality manifested towards the enslaved Africans.

This vessel was originally a cargo ship, but was refitted and enhanced to maximize the number of captured Africans it could transport. The living conditions on such slave ships were notoriously inhumane, with enslaved people packed tightly together in the hull, typically with insufficient food, water, and sanitation.

The Sally voyage is noteworthy because of the documented high mortality rate among the enslaved Africans. Of about 196 captives brought aboard, more than 100 died during the Middle Passage due to disease, malnutrition, and violent punishment. The inhumane conditions and massive loss of life during this voyage caused public uproar in Rhode Island, contributing to the nascent push for abolition.

Therefore, the Sally serves as a potent symbol of the horrifying conditions of the transatlantic slave trade and the human suffering it wrought.

Le Rodeur...

Le Rodeur was a French slave ship notorious for a grisly incident in 1819 known as "The Rodeur Affair". This incident is emblematic of the brutal and inhumane conditions endured by slaves during the transatlantic slave trade.

In April 1819, Le Rodeur set sail from Bonny, a coastal region in present-day Nigeria, for Guadeloupe with approximately 160 enslaved Africans aboard. During the voyage, a highly contagious eye disease, possibly ophthalmia, broke out on the ship. The condition led to widespread blindness among the enslaved Africans and French crew members, affecting all but a few onboard.

Afraid that the enslaved Africans, unable to see, had become unsellable and therefore worthless as cargo, the captain, Jean-Pierre Claris, made the horrific decision to throw more than half of them into the sea while they were still alive. The captain justified his decision by stating it was necessary for the preservation of those still healthy and the crew.

Upon return to France, the tragic incident caught public attention and sparked considerable controversy over the humanitarian and legal implications of the transatlantic slave trade. Written about by prominent abolitionists in both America and Europe, the grim tale of Le Rodeur further rallied public sentiment against the institution of slavery.

Fredensborg...

The Fredensborg was a Danish ship that was involved in the transatlantic slave trade in the 18th century. Built in Norway, the ship was operated by the Danish West India Company.

The ship's most famed voyage occurred in 1767 when it set sail from Copenhagen, making its way to the Guinea coast of West Africa. There, it loaded over 265 slaves. The vessel then traveled on the notorious Middle Passage of the Triangle Trade, delivering enslaved Africans to the Danish colony of St. Croix in the Caribbean. It was loaded with sugar, rum, and cotton, goods produced through slave labor, to be transported back to the European market.

However, on November 1, 1768, the Fredensborg sank off Tromoy in Arendal, Norway, towards the end of its return journey to Denmark. No lives were lost in the wreck.

The Fredensborg remained on the ocean floor for over two centuries until it was rediscovered and excavated in 1974. The shipwreck offered archeologists insights into the horrific conditions aboard a slave ship facilitated by the transatlantic slave trade.

The rediscovery of the Fredensborg helped illustrate Denmark-Norway's role in the transatlantic slave trade, an often overlooked historical aspect given the dominant focus on British, French, Portuguese, and Spanish involvement. Today, artifacts from the ship and stories of its fateful journeys are displayed in several museums, serving as glaring reminders of this tragic period in human history.

To the Descendants of the Atlantic Slave Ships...

"From the depths of unimaginable suffering, you rise as the resilient descendants of the Atlantic slave ships. Remember, your strength is inherited from those who endured, and your potential knows no bounds. Embrace your heritage, honor their legacy, and let your success be the ultimate resistance. The chains of the past cannot shackle the brilliance within you. So, let the pain be your motivation, and the triumphs of your ancestors be the wind that propels you forward. You are more powerful than history could ever comprehend. Rise. Thrive. Inspire."

Did You Know...

The history of the song "Amazing Grace" is deeply intertwined with the life and experiences of its author, John Newton. Born in 1725 in England, Newton initially pursued a life at sea, becoming involved in the Atlantic slave trade. As a captain of a slave ship, he participated in the brutal transportation of enslaved Africans across the ocean.

In 1748, while caught in a violent storm at sea, Newton underwent a profound spiritual awakening. faced with the imminent threat of mercy and found solace in his faith. This experience marked a turning point in Newton's life, leading him to question his involvement in the slave trade and eventually to embrace Christianity.

Following this transformation, Newton left his seafaring career and began studying theology. Ordained as an Anglican minister, he became involved in the abolitionist movement, advocating for the end of the slave trade. Drawing from his personal experiences and newfound faith, Newton wrote the words to "Amazing Grace" as a reflection on his own redemption and God's mercy.

Originally penned as a hymn in 1772, the lyrics of "Amazing Grace" resonated deeply with both religious and secular audiences. The melody commonly associated with the song, however, was not composed by Newton. It is believed that the tune was added to the lyrics later, and its origin remains uncertain.

Quick Fact...

Africa is not a country, it is a continent.

Massacres and Race Riots

Black people in the United States have faced a long history of systemic racism, discrimination, and violence, including numerous instances of racial massacres. These massacres, often referred to as "racial pogroms," "race riots," or "racial violence," were violent and often racially motivated events that targeted Black communities. They had profound and lasting effects on the Black population in the U.S., shaping their socio-economic, political, and psychological experiences. The effects of these massacres on Black communities have been far-reaching:

Loss of Life and Property:

Massacres resulted in the loss of countless lives and the destruction of homes, businesses, and cultural institutions. This loss of property and economic resources impeded the ability of Black communities to accumulate wealth and maintain stability.

Trauma and Intergenerational Impact:

The trauma from witnessing or experiencing violence in these massacres has been passed down through generations. This historical trauma has contributed to mental health challenges and continues to affect perceptions of safety and well-being.

Displacement and Segregation:

Many massacres forced Black residents to flee their homes, disrupting communities and often leading to further segregation as they sought safety in segregated neighborhoods.

Suppression of Progress:

The violence and intimidation associated with racial massacres suppressed Black progress and aspirations, discouraging economic, educational, and political advancement.

Erosion of Trust in Institutions:

The failure of local authorities to protect Black citizens during these massacres eroded trust in institutions, reinforcing a sense of vulnerability and injustice.

Efforts are ongoing to acknowledge and address these historical atrocities. Many advocates and scholars emphasize the importance of remembering these events as part of the broader struggle for racial justice and equality in the U.S.

Springfield Race Riot...

The Springfield Race Riot of 1908, which occurred on August 14 and ended on August 16, was a mass racial violence committed against black residents in Abraham Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois by a mob of white residents.

Tensions had been building in Springfield due to increasing completion for jobs and housing, as the number of African Americans in the city was growing. Things escalated after a white woman claimed to have been raped by a black man, while another black man was accused of murdering a white man.

After an attempt to lynch the two black suspects held in the city jail, the mob turned its violence towards black neighborhoods in the city when they discovered that officials had transferred the prisoners to another city. They destroyed and looted homes and businesses and murdered black residents. Over two days, the mob burned down dozens of black-owned buildings and killed numerous black people. though the exact number is not confirmed.

The event is considered to be one of the catalysts for the foundation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909, as it raised awareness about lynching and the violent racism faced by black communities in the United States.

The Springfield Race riot of 1908 stands as both a grim chapter in Illinois history and a turning point in the nation's approach to racial justice.

Ebony...

"In the garden of history, the blossoms of remembrance and the tears of compassion forever bloom for the descendants of the Springfield race riot. May the strength of unity and the warmth of understanding guide us towards a future where such injustices are but shadows of the past."

Tulsa Race Massacre...

The Tulsa race massacre, also known as the Tulsa race riot, occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in May and June of 1921. It was one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in the history of the United States.

This event started on May 31, 1921, when a white mob attacked the predominantly African American Greenwood District, which was known as "Black Wall Street" due to its prosperity and economic success. The mob's action was triggered by an alleged assault of a white woman by a black man, though the details of this incident remain disputed.

The violence quickly escalated, leading to the destruction of hundreds of buildings within the Greenwood District, including businesses, homes, and places of worship. The mob was armed with firearms and aided by deputized white citizens, while the black residents of the community were heavily outnumbered.

The state militia was called to quell the violence. but official reports suggest that they also contributed to the destruction of the Greenwood District. The exact number of causalities remains uncertain, but it is estimated that hundreds of African Americans were killed, and thousands were left homeless.

After the massacre, the local and state authorities actively suppressed the event for years, with no official investigations or reparations provided to the survivors and their descendants. The Tulsa race massacre remains a tragic and painful chapter in the history of racial violence and systemic racism in the United States.

In recent years, efforts have been made to uncover and memorialize the events of the Tulsa race massacre, with calls for acknowledgment, justice, and restitution for the victims and their descendants.

Ebony...

"Though darkness once swept over our community, our spirit remains unbroken. From the ashes of Tulsa's past, we forge a legacy of resilience and determination. Let us honor our ancestors by continuing to rise, thrive, and build a future where equality, strength, and unity define our path."

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To the Descendants of the Tulsa Race Massacre...

Rosewood Massacre...

The Rosewood massacre was a racially motivated massacre of black people and destruction of a black town that took place during the first week of January 1923 in rural Levy County, Florida.

Rosewood was a small, predominately black, self-sufficient township in Florida, where the majority of the residents owned their land, a rarity for the time period and area. The trouble began when a white woman in the nearby town of Sumner, Florida, claimed she had been assaulted by a black man. This led to mobs of white citizens launching an attack on the Rosewood community, spurred by racial tensions and deep-seated hatred. The community's attempts at defending themselves led to several deaths.

The ensuing massacre forced the survivors to hide in the nearby swamps and forests until they could be safely led away, never to return. The town of Rosewood was erased from the Florida map, with properties either burned or demolished.

The incident was mostly kept hidden for decades until the 1980's when a journalistic investigation shed light on the event. The report prompted the Florida Legislature to pass the Rosewood Bill, compensating survivors for the property losses and establishing an educational scholarship.

In 1997, a movie about the events, also called "Rosewood," was produced, further spreading awareness about the massacre. Despite efforts to make amends, the Rosewood Massacre remains a horrific example of the racial violence that has marked American history.

Ebony...

The roots of our history may be scarred, but they also carry the promise of growth, unity, and a brighter future. Let our courage be the light that guides us forward, and let the legacy of Rosewood inspire us to build a world where justice, dignity, and community prevail."

To the Descendants of the Rosewood Massacre...

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Colfax Massacre...

The Colfax Massacre, which took place in Colfax, Louisiana, on April 13, 1873, was a significant event during the Reconstruction Era in the United States. It was a violent clash stemming from political and racial tensions in the post-Civil War South.

The massacre occurred after a disputed governor national election in Louisiana, where both Republican and Democratic candidates claimed victory. In Colfax, a predominately African American, Republican-aligned militia occupied the local courthouse, known as the Colfax County Seat. They were met with armed resistance from white supremacist groups, primarily members of the Democratic Party and the white paramilitary organization, the White League.

On April 13, a large white mob attacked the courthouse, leading to a violent and brutal confrontation. The outnumbered African American defenders were overwhelmed, and many were killed or taken prisoner. It is estimated that at least 60 African American were killed (most likely several more) during the siege and subsequent violence.

The Colfax Massacre holds historical significance because it was one of the deadliest instances of racial violence during Reconstruction. The event marked a turning point in the federal government's willingness to intervene and protect the rights of African Americans in the South. In response to the massacre and other incidents of violence, Congress passed the Enforcement Acts, aimed at protecting the civil rights of African Americans and combating white supremacist groups.

The Colfax Massacre remains a somber reminder of the challenges and resistance faced by African Americans during the Reconstruction Era. It underscores the importance of ongoing efforts to address racial injustices and promote equality and justice for all.

Rise Ebony, Rise...

"From the ashes of adversity, we rise stronger and more resilient. Our history is not our destiny. We are not defined by events that sought to break us, but by the courage and tenacity to rebuild, to uplift each other, and to reclaim our rightful place, stronger than ever. Let our past fuel our drive for a better future."

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"To the Descendants of the Colfax Massacre..."

The Red Summer Massacre...

The Red Summer refers to a series of violent racial conflicts that occurred in the United States during the summer and fall of 1919. It was called "Red Summer" because of the bloodshed and violence that ensued. These conflicts were primarily between white and African American communities, fueled by racial tensions, economic disparities, and the return of African American soldiers from World War I.

The term "massacre" is often used to describe events of the Red Summer, as numerous African Americans were targeted and killed in racially motivated attacks. Some of the most notable incidents include the Chicago Race Riots, where violence erupted after the death of a young African American boy had drifted into a white swimming area, sparking unrest that resulted in 38 deaths and over 500 injuries. Another significant event was the Elaine Massacre in Arkansas, where African American sharecroppers who were organizing for better working conditions were brutally attacked by white mobs. Estimates suggest that anywhere from 100-237 African Americans were killed.

These events were a tragic reflection of widespread racism and discrimination present in American society at the time. The Red Summer massacres were a stark reminder of the inequalities and violence faced by African Americans, and they highlighted the urgent need for racial justice and equality.

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"To the Descendants of the Red Summer Massacre..."

Ebony...

"May we remember the trials faced by those before us during the Red Summer, let their courage fuel our spirit and their resilience guide us. We are the descendants of survivors, and within us lies the power to transform sorrow into strength, and adversity into action. We carry both the weight of our history and the promise of our destiny."

Quick Fact...

Mansa Musa was the wealthiest man in history.

Did you know...

During the slavery era of black people in the U.S., some black people hair was used for cushion in seats

Wilmington Massacre of 1898...

The Wilmington Massacre of 1898, also known as the Wilmington Coup or the Wilmington Race Riot, was a violent and racially motivated event that took place in Wilmington, North Carolina.

At the time, Wilmington was the largest city in the state and had a significant African American population, many of whom had achieved political and economic success. However, the 1898 election saw the rise of white supremacists who were determined to regain political control from the biracial Republican Party that had been successful for several years.

On November 10, 1898, armed white supremacists, including members of the Democratic Party and the Red Shirts, a white paramilitary group. launched an attack on the predominantly African American neighborhood known as Brooklyn. They burned down the offices of The Daily Record, which was a successful African American newspaper, and proceeded to overthrow the elected government. African American residents, city officials, and leaders were forcibly removed from their positions, and white supremacists took control of the city.

The exact death toll of the massacre is unknown, but it is estimated that at least dozens of African Americans were killed during the violence, and many others were injured or displaced. The African American community faced widespread terror and intimidation, leading to a long-lasting suppression of African American political power and economic progress in Wilmington.

The Wilmington massacre of 1898 is a tragic example of the systemic racism and violence that African Americans faced during this period in American history. It highlights the deep-rooted white supremacist ideologies that permeated society and resulted in the suppression of African American rights. The event serves as a reminder of the ongoing fight against racial injustice and the importance of working towards equality, justice, and inclusivity in our society.

Ebony...

"Inheriting the legacy of the Wilmington Massacre, we are descendants shaped by courage, fortified by resilience, and spurred by dreams of justice. History bears witness that we stand tall and strong on the sacrifices of our forbearers, turning the trials of the past into resolve for the future. We are not just survivors but trailblazers, creating a world where equality isn't just a dream, but a reality."

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To the Descendants of the Wilmington Massacre...

The Elaine Massacre...

The Elaine Massacre, also known as the Elaine Race Massacre, was a significant episode of racial violence that occurred near the town of Elaine, Arkansas, in 1919. The incident erupted during a time of heightened racial tensions in the United States, commonly referred to as the Red Summer.

The Elaine Massacre began in early October 1919, following the efforts of African American sharecroppers to organize for fairer working conditions and better payment on cotton plantations. Union meetings were held at a church in the town of Elaine, and rumors spread among the white population that the African American sharecroppers were planning an armed uprising.

In response to these rumors, local white vigilante groups, along with law enforcement agencies, descended on the area and initiated a violent confrontation. The exact trigger of the violence remains unclear, but it resulted in intense clashes over several days.

African American sharecroppers, including men, women, and children, were indiscriminately attacked and killed by the white mob and law enforcement. Estimates suggest that the death toll among African Americans may have ranged from dozens to possibly hundreds, while five white individuals were also killed.

The Elaine Massacre has been widely viewed as an example of racial terror and an attempt to suppress the growing civil rights movement among African Americans at the time. Many sharecroppers involved in the labor movement were falsely accused of participating in an armed revolt, leading to a brutal and disproportionate retaliation.

The events at Elaine propelled calls for justice and led to scrutiny of the racial violence that permeated the country. This tragic incident stands as a stark reminder of the deep-seated racism and injustices African Americans faced during this period and the enduring struggle for racial equality that continues today.

Rise Ebony, Rise...

"In the face of darkness, we find the strength to rise. The Elaine Massacre may be a painful chapter of our history, but it serves as a testament to the resilience, courage, and unwavering spirit that resides within us. Let us remember the sacrifices made by our ancestors, honor their legacy, and continue to strive for justice, equality, and unbreakable unity. We are the embodiment of strength, and together, we will prevail, shining brighter than ever before.

East St. Louis Massacre...

The East St. Louise Massacre of 1917 was a horrific and tragic event that unfolded in East St. Louis, Illinois, during a period of intense racial tension and labor conflicts.

At that time, East St. Louis experienced an influx of African American people from the South who sought better job opportunities in industries such as steel and rail. However, this led to heightened competition for employment among white workers, resulting in racial animosity and economic resentment.

On July 2, 1917, a violent racial confrontation erupted that would leave a lasting scar on the community. The spark igniting the violence was a false rumor that a white civilian had been killed by an African American man. In retaliation, white mobs began assaulting African Americans throughout the city.

Horrific acts of violence were perpetrated, including shootings, stabbings, lynchings, and the burning of African American homes and businesses. The authorities struggled to contain the situation, and many African Americans were left defenseless and vulnerable to the mob's brutality. Exact casualty numbers vary, but estimates suggest that between 40-250 or more African Americans were killed, with thousands more displaced or injured.

The East St. Louis Massacre stands as a stark reminder of the deep-seated racism and violence that plagued America during this time. It highlights the significant challenges and oppression faced by African Americans as they sought better lives in the face of hostility and systemic discrimination. The massacre also served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement, fueling a stronger determination to fight for justice, equality, and an end to racial violence.

In remembrance the East St. Louis Massacre, we honor the resilience and courage of those who suffered, and we draw inspiration to continue the ongoing struggle for racial justice, harmony, and unity in our society.

Ebony...

"Descendants of the East St. Louis Massacre, we carry in our hearts the stories of struggle, survival, and resilience. Each generation since has been fueled by indomitable courage and an unwavering desire for justice. Let these ancestral echoes strengthen our resolve, reminding us that we are architects of change, and every step we take paints a brighter future onto the canvas of our shared history."

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To the Descendants of the East St. Louis Massacre...

The Clinton Massacre...

The Clinton Massacre, which occurred in Clinton, Mississippi in 1875, was a significant and tragic event in the history of racial violence in the United States during the Reconstruction period.

In the months leading up to the 1875 elections in Mississippi, tension between white Democratic conservatives and Black Republicans was high. In response to an intimidating political rally held by white Democrats in the predominantly Black Republican town of Clinton in early September, Republicans organized their rally on September4th. This event was attended by about 1500 to 2000 people.

Altercations and disputes occurred during the rally, eventually leading to shooting incidents. While initial reports suggested only a few fatalities, violence spread across several days, with white paramilitary groups from other areas converging on Clinton to join the local white Democrats in terrorizing Black communities.

The violence resulted in the death of approximately 50 Black individuals, though some estimates suggest the number may be significantly higher. The massacre, along with similar instances of violence across the South, played a crucial role in suppressing Black voting in that year's election.

The Clinton Massacre is a grim example of the widespread racial violence that occurred during the Reconstruction Era, aimed at undoing the advances made by Black populations after the end of slavery. It served as a turning point in Mississippi's history, marking substantial advances for white Democrats and an era of severe repression for Black citizens.

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To the Descendants of the Clinton Massacre...

Ebony...

" As descendants of the Clinton Massacre, we stand tall on the bedrock of courage and resilience laid down by our ancestors. Their spirits persist within us, urging us to strive, to rise, and to shape a future marked not by discord, but unity. Remember, we are the torchbearers of change, turning the pages of history to write a narrative of strength, justice, and equity."

The Ocoee Massacre...

The Ocoee massacre was a brutal incident that occurred on November 2, 1920, in Ocoee, Florida. It was primarily motivated by racial tensions and aimed at suppressing the African American community's attempt to vote in the general election.

At the time, Ocoee had a mixed-race population, but African Americans were denied many basic civil rights and subjected to discriminatory laws and practices. On election day, a black man named Mose Norman attempted to vote but was turned away due to discriminatory tactics, such as poll taxes and literacy tests. This led to a confrontation between Norman and a white mob.

The violence escalated when the mob went on a rampage, targeting black residents and their properties. Homes were set on fire, and reports suggest that at least six African Americans were killed. Many others were either driven out of town or lived in fear in the aftermath of the massacre.

The Ocoee massacre was a tragic event that highlighted the deep-seated racism and violence against African Americans during that era. It also demonstrated the extent to which voter suppression was employed to maintain white dominance and limit the political power of black communities.

Today, the Ocoee massacre serves as a reminder of the struggles faced by African Americans in their fight for civil rights and the importance of continuing efforts to combat systemic racism and voter suppression.

Rise, Ebony, Rise...

"In the face of historical pain, our hearts extend a compassionate embrace. May the memory of those affected by the Ocoee tragedy be a testament to the strength within our community. As we remember, reflect, and heal, may we find solace in unity and a shared commitment to a more just tomorrow."

The Congo Free State Exhibition; Enslaved Africans in Human Zoo...

The Congo Free State Exhibition, held in Tervuren, Belgium in 1897, was a controversial and deeply problematic event organized under the authority of King Leopold's colonial enterprise in the Congo Free State, a vast territory in central Africa that he controlled as his personal property. However, the reality was starkly different from the portrayal.

The exhibition featured a mock village designed to replicate a stereotypical African setting, complete with huts, palm trees, and native artifacts. It also included a collection of enslaved African men, women, and children who were brought to Belgium as living exhibits. These individuals were forced to perform daily activities, dances, and routines to depict a distorted and dehumanizing image of African life.

The purpose of the exhibition was to justify and legitimize the colonization of the Congo by portraying Africans as primitive and uncivilized, while promoting King Leopold's supposed "civilizing mission" in the region. The event was met with international criticism, even in its own time, for its blatant racism, exploitation, and disregard for the humanity of the African people involved.

The Congo Free State Exhibition is widely condemned as an egregious example of colonial racism and cultural exploitation. It serves as a reminder of the harmful impact that such events had on both the people subjected to them and the global perception of African cultures.

Quick Fact: The United Nations finally condemned human zoos in 1958

Did you know...

Hitler was the first to ban human zoos in 1958...

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in African American Men...

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was a research study conducted by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) from 1932 to 1972. The study took place in Tuskegee, Alabama and involved a group of African American men who had contracted syphilis.

The purpose of the study, initially framed as a "natural history" study of syphilis, was to observe the long-term progression of the disease in African American men. However, the unethical aspect of the study lies in the fact that the participants were not informed that they had syphilis and were not offered appropriate treatment, even after penicillin became widely available as an effective treatment in the 1940's.

The participants were predominately poor, uneducated men from rural areas who were often unaware of the nature and extent of their illness. They were recruited under the guise of receiving free medical treatment for "bad blood." a term commonly used to describe various illnesses.

Even when penicillin was recognized as an effective treatment for syphilis in the 1940's, the researchers deliberately denied the participants the treatment to continue monitoring the disease's progression. This was despite the fact that the USPHS had an ethical responsibility to provide treatment to those affected, especially since the study was government-funded.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study lasted for four decades and resulted in needless suffering and deaths among the participants. The study drew significant criticism after its unethical nature was exposed in the media in 1972. As a result, the study was eventually halted, and a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of the participants and their families, leading to a settlement and the establishment of a Tuskegee Health Benefit Program to provide free medical services to the survivors.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study serves as a prominent example of research misconduct and ethical violations in the medical field. It had a lasting impact on public trust in medical research, particularly within African American communities. The study also played a crucial role in the development of ethical guidelines and regulations governing human subjects research, emphasizing the importance of informed consent, beneficence, and the protection of participant rights.

Medical Experiments on African American Women...

Dr. James Marion Sims, who is widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of gynecology, used enslaved African American women as his patients without their consent, anesthesia, or proper pain relief. These women were subjected to painful and invasive procedures. He conducted several experimental surgeries on enslaved women, including Anarcha, Betsy, and Lucy, to perfect his surgical techniques.

These experiments took place during the period of slavery in the 19th century, a time when African Americans were considered property, and their rights and autonomy were often disregarded and violated. The lack of anesthesia and consent in Sim's experiments raises ethical concerns and has been a subject of criticism and debate.

The treatment of enslaved individuals, especially black women, as subjects for medical experimentation without their consent is a deeply troubling aspect of medical history. Such practices reflect the systemic racism and dehumanization that existed during that time.

The ethical implications of Sims' experiments and the exploitation of enslaved individuals in the name of medical progress have been widely discussed and criticized. It is crucial to acknowledge these historical injustices and learn from them, striving to ensure that contemporary medical research prioritizes the principles of informed consent, patient autonomy, and ethical medical practices today.

Experiments Conducted on Black Men at Holmesburg Prison...

The experiments conducted on black men at Holmesburg Prison, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, were part of a series of controversial research studies that took place from the 1950's through the 1970's. These experiments were primarily led by Dr. Albert M. Kligman, a dermatologist and researcher from the University of Pennsylvania.

Holmesburg Prison served as the ideal environment for these experiments due to its large population of incarcerated individuals who were readily available as research subjects. The studies involved a wide range of experiments, such as testing the effects of various substances on the skin, hair, and general health of the participants.

One of the most notorious aspects of the experiments at Holmesburg Prison was the use of potentially harmful substances on skin. These substances included, but were not limited to, radioactive isotopes, dioxin, and various chemical agents derived from herbicides and pesticides.

The researchers aimed to understand the effects of these substances on human tissue and treatments. Unfortunately, the prisoners were not fully informed about the potential risks associated with these experiments, and their consent was often coerced or inadequately obtained.

Furthermore, the prisoners were not provided with appropriate protections or the ability to opt out of participating in the experiments. In many cases, they were not compensated for their involvement and were not given access to proper medical care, even after experiencing adverse effects.

Over time, increasing public scrutiny and ethical concerns led to significant changes in the regulations and guidelines governing human subjects research. Reforms were implemented to protect the rights and welfare of research participants, ensuring their informed consent, safety, and access to appropriate medical care.

The experiments conducted on black men at Holmesburg Prison highlights the importance of ethical considerations in scientific research. These studies have served as a catalyst for the development of regulations that protect the rights and well-being of human subjects, ensuring that future research endeavors prioritize ethical conduct, informed consent, and participant safety.

Quick Fact...

African Americans make up about 13.6% of the total population in the United States, according to the most recent census data of 2022

Did you know...

During the late 19th and early 20th century Eugenics Sterilization Programs sterilized individuals who were considered "unfit" for reproduction. The criteria for determining who was deemed unfit varied across different programs but often included people with mental illnesses, disabilities, or criminal records. Additionally, individuals who were seen as having "undesirable" racial or ethnic backgrounds were targeted as well.

Why reparations for black people...

Historical injustice - Reparations can address the deep-rooted historical injustices inflicted upon black people, including slavery, Jim Crow laws, segregation, and discriminatory practices.
Legacy of slavery - Reparations can acknowledge and assist in addressing the ongoing inequality and disadvantage faced by black communities as a result of generations of slavery and its aftermath.
Economic disparities - Reparations can help alleviate the significant wealth gap between black and white communities, which largely attributed to the lasting effects of slavery and discriminatory policies.
Interruption of generational wealth - Reparations can compensate for the wealth that was stolen or inaccessible to black people due to slavery and systemic discrimination, which disadvantaged entire generations.
Inequitable labor practices - Reparations can recognize the uncompensated labor provided by enslaved black people, as well as the economic exploitation they endured.
Damage to cultural heritage - Reparations can address the erasure or distortion of African cultural heritage caused by slavery and systemic racism.
Inter-generational trauma - Reparations can help address the psychological and emotional toll that slavery and discrimination have had on generations of black individuals and communities.
Educational inequalities - Reparations can be used to invest in educational initiatives and programs specifically designed to address the disparities in quality education that disproportionately affect black communities.
Housing discrimination - Reparations can mitigate the long - standing effects of redlining and discriminatory housing practices that limited black individuals' access to homeownership and wealth accumulation.
Access to healthcare - Reparations can contribute to addressing the systemic barriers and inequalities in healthcare access and outcomes experienced by black communities.
Voter suppression - Reparations can support efforts to dismantle the barriers that have historically disenfranchised black voters and continue to undermine their political power.
Criminal justice system - Reparations can aid in addressing the disproportionately high rates of incarceration and unfair treatment of black individuals within the criminal justice system.
Economic investment - Reparations can be used to stimulate economic growth and business development in black communities, creating opportunities for wealth creation and job creation.
Redress for economics exploitation - Reparations can acknowledge and compensate for the economic exploitation of black individuals, including forced labor, convict leasing, and sharecropping.
Truth and reconciliation - Reparations can facilitate a process of acknowledging the truth of historical and ongoing injustices, fostering national healing and reconciliation.
Social cohesion - Reparations can help bridge the divide between racial and ethical groups, fostering understanding and unity within society.
Restoring dignity - Reparations can restore a sense of dignity and self-worth to black individuals and communities that have suffered from systemic racism and oppression.
Investment in infrastructure - Reparations can be used to rebuild and invest in the infrastructure of black communities that have been historically neglected, leading to improved living conditions.
Addressing systemic racism - Reparations can be a step toward dismantling the structural racism and inequality that persist in various institutions and systems.
Global example - Reparations can set an example for other countries to recognize and address the historical injustices committed against marginalized groups, promoting social justice worldwide.

About

Welcome to my website! My name is Roxane Jacobs, and I am on a remarkable self-journey to discover myself spiritually, mentally, and physically. Through this expedition, I've been exploring different avenues to enhance my well-being and deepen my understanding of life.

One of my greatest passions lies in uncovering the richness of "black" history and its profound impact on our present. The resilience, achievements, and struggles of black people have always fascinated me, and I am committed to shedding light on this important narrative. As an advocate for the well-being of "black" individuals and their community, I aim to use my platform to promote equity, justice, and empowerment.

Let’s Connect

Roxane_Jacobs@yahoo.com

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Dyaspora is Lost

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Maternal Family Tree (Will continue to update, edit, and add new family members)

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To Colin Kaepernick...

Who is Cornel Ronald West...

Quick Fact...

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Paternal Family Tree (Will continue to update, edit, and add new family members)

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To Ice Cube...

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense...

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Dear Ebony...

Huey P. Newton...

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To the Descendants of Huey P. Newton...

Bobby Seale...

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To KRS-ONE

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To the Descendants of Malcolm X...

Eldridge Cleaver...

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To the Descendants of Biblical Jacob...

Did you know...

Quick Fact...

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"Resilience in Harmony: Mary J. Blige..."

Fred Hampton...

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To President Biden...

Angela Davis...

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"White Jesus...?"

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The Casual Killing of Enslaved Black People

Kathleen Cleaver...

Hubert Brown...

Did you know...

Quick Fact...

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If Reparations are Denied, I Won't Vote...

Elaine Brown...

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To the Descendants of the First Human Beings

Geronimo Pratt...

Bobby Rush...

Did you know...

Quick Fact...

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Thriving Societies in Africa before the Atlantic Slave Trade...

Mali Empire...

Ebony...

The Songhai Empire...

Ebony...

The Great Zimbabwe Empire...

Ebony...

Did you know...

Quick Fact...

The Kingdom of Ghana...

Ebony...

The Aksum Empire...

Ebony...

The Nubian Kingdoms...

Ebony...

The Swahili City-States...

Ebony...

The Benin Kingdom...

Rise Ebony, Rise...

Did you know...

Quick Fact...

Slave Ports and Trading Posts of the Atlantic Slave Trade...

Goree Island...

Elmina Castle...

Cape Coast Castle...

Ouidah...

Luanda...

Maternal Family Tree
(Will continue to update, edit, and add new family members)

Paternal Family Tree
(Will continue to update, edit, and add new family members)

Quick Fact...
As of 2023, Tyler Perry Owns about 25% of BET

Atlantic Slave Trade Ships...

Amistad
Brookes
Zong
Henrietta Marie
Clotilda
Sally
Le Rodeur
Fredensborg